Primary care-based surveillance to estimate the proportion of rotavirus gastroenteritis among Latvian children below 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographics characteristics of children included in the study by rotavirus (RV) status

Subject group	RV-positive (N = 231)	RV-negative (N = 375)	Total (N = 606)
Gender (male/female) (%)	55.8/44.2	50.9/49.1	52.8/47.2
Age at GP pediatrician visit (months)
Mean (SD)	26.5 (14.72)	23.52 (15.68)	24.66 (15.38)
Median (range)	24 (0–58)	20 (0–59)	21 (0–59)
Underlying medical condition; n(%)
Prematurity	7 (3.0)	9 (2.4)	16 (2.6)
Pulmonary disease	5 (2.2)	6 (1.6)	11 (1.8)
Congenital disease	2 (0.9)	1 (0.3)	3 (0.5)
Gastrointestinal disease	2 (0.9)	1 (0.3)	3 (0.5)
Other	5 (2.2)	5 (1.3)	10 (1.7)
No condition	209 (90.5)	353 (94.1)	562 (92.7)

SD = Standard deviation

Table 2. Severity of acute gastroenteritis by rotavirus (RV) status and age group

		RV-positive (N = 231)		RV-negative (N = 375)
Age (months)	Severity (Vesikari Score)	n	%	n	%	p-values
0–5	Mild (1–6)	2	22.2	21	56.8	0.1510
	Moderate (7–10)	6	66.7	12	32.4
	Severe (≥ 11)	1	11.1	4	10.8
6–11	Mild (1–6)	4	16.0	27	42.2	0.0067
	Moderate (7–10)	9	36.0	26	40.6
	Severe (≥ 11)	12	48.0	11	17.2
12–23	Mild (1–6)	13	16.7	42	36.8	< 0.0001
	Moderate (7–10)	24	30.8	46	40.4
	Severe (≥ 11)	41	52.6	26	22.8
	Missing*	0	-	1	-
24–59	Mild (1–6)	25	21.0	75	47.2	< 0.0001
	Moderate (7–10)	54	45.4	52	32.7
	Severe (≥ 11)	40	33.6	32	20.1
Overall	Mild (1–6)	44	19.0	165	44.1	< 0.0001
	Moderate (7–10)	93	40.3	136	36.4
	Severe (≥ 11)	94	40.7	73	19.5
	Missing*	0	-	1	-

* Lost to follow-up; RV: Rotavirus; p-values = Result of Fisher’s exact test of the difference in severity according to RV status

Table 3. Severity of symptoms by rotavirus (RV) status

	RV-positive (N = 231)		RV-negative (N = 375)
Symptom	n	%	n	%
Diarrhea
Yes	227	98.3	370	98.9
No	4	1.7	4	1.1
Missing	0	-	1	-
Number of stools per day (maximum)
1–3	20	8.8	51	13.8
4–5	104	45.8	195	52.7
≥ 6	103	45.4	124	33.5
Days of diarrhea
1–4	139	61.2	258	69.7
5	44	19.4	41	11.1
≥ 6	44	19.4	71	19.2
Vomiting
Yes	158	68.4	199	53.2
No	73	31.6	175	46.8
Missing	0	-	1	-
Number of vomiting episodes per day (maximum)
1	20	12.7	52	26.1
2–4	102	64.6	115	57.8
≥ 5	36	22.8	32	16.1
Days of vomiting
1	64	40.5	99	49.7
2–4	91	57.6	94	47.2
≥ 5	3	1.9	6	3.0
Fever
Yes	182	78.8	227	60.7
No	49	21.2	147	39.3
Missing	0	-	1	-
Temperature
37.1–38.4°C	40	22.0	80	35.2
38.5–38.9°C	65	35.7	71	31.3
≥ 39.0°C	77	42.3	76	33.5
Dehydration
Degree of dehydration
No dehydration	115	49.8	251	67.1
Mild/moderate (1–5%)**	103	44.6	116	31.0
Severe (≥ 6%)**	13	5.6	7	1.9
Missing	0	-	1	-
Type of treatment*
Rehydration in polyclinic	50	21.6	40	10.7
Hospitalization	21	9.1	18	4.8

*: Type of treatment are not substitutes, each patient may have both,**: The percentages indicate the amount of weight loss.²¹

Table 4. Number of hospitalizations by rotavirus (RV) status and age group

	RV-positive (N = 231)				RV-negative (N = 375)
Age (months)	N	n	%	95% CI	N	n	%	95% CI	p-value
0–5	9	0	0.0	0.0–33.6	37	1	2.7	0.1–14.2	1.0
6–11	25	2	8.0	1.0–26.0	64	3	4.7	1.0–13.1	0.6173
12–23	78	10	12.8	6.3–22.3	115	10	8.7	4.2–15.4	0.6083
24–59	119	9	7.6	3.5–13.9	159	4	2.5	0.7–6.3	0.0813
All	231	21	9.1	5.7–13.6	375	18	4.8	2.9–7.5	0.0485

CI: confidence interval

Table 5. Estimated odd ratios and p-values of the fitted logistic regression model for the possible risk factors for hospitalization of acute gastroenteritis patients

Model	Risk Factor	p-value	OR	95% CI of OR
Saturated	Vesikari ≥ 11 vs < 11*	0 .0001	21.341	8.003–56.909
	Female vs male*	0.4313	0.753	0.371–1.527
	Age 12–23 vs 0–11 months*	0.2815	1.744	0.634–4.797
	Age 24–59 vs 0–11 months*	0.7840	0.863	0.302–2.467
	RV-positive vs RV-negative*	0.9711	0.987	0.481–2.023
Final	Vesikari ≥ 11 vs Vesikari < 11*	0 .0001	22.189	8.508–57.874

CI: confidence interval; OR; odds ratio; *reference category

Figure 1. Seasonal distribution of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases and percentage of rotavirus-positive (RV+) cases by age group (months)

Crawford SE, Ramani S, Tate JE, Parashar UD, Svensson L, Hagbom M, Franco MA, Greenberg HB, O’Ryan M, Kang G, et al. Rotavirus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17083. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.83.

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