Nativity status and genital HPV infection among adults in the U.S.

Figures & data

Table 1. Participant characteristics.

	Overall (n=  3444)		U.S.-born (n=  2441)		Foreign-born (n=  1003)
	n	(%)	n	(%)	n	(%)	P
Nativity status							–
U.S.-born	2441	(70.9)	–		–
Foreign-born	1003	(29.1)	–		–
Demographic Characteristics
Sex							0.26
Male	1622	(48.0)	1165	(48.4)	457	(46.5)
Female	1822	(52.0)	1276	(51.6)	546	(53.5)
Age (years)							<.001
20–29	838	(25.3)	677	(26.9)	161	(18.4)
30–39	883	(24.1)	603	(22.5)	280	(31.0)
40–49	892	(25.3)	572	(24.2)	320	(30.5)
50–59	831	(25.3)	589	(26.5)	242	(20.1)
Race/ethnicity							<.001
Non-Hispanic white	1398	(62.1)	1343	(73.5)	55	(12.7)
Non-Hispanic black	702	(12.3)	621	(13.5)	81	(7.2)
Hispanic	805	(17.2)	320	(9.0)	485	(52.9)
Other	539	(8.4)	157	(4.0)	382	(27.3)
Relationship/marital status							<.001
Not married	1388	(37.7)	1132	(40.5)	256	(25.8)
Married/living with a partner	2055	(62.3)	1308	(59.6)	747	(74.2)
Education							<.001
Less than a high school degree	648	(14.3)	356	(10.9)	292	(29.2)
High school degree	750	(21.2)	557	(21.6)	193	(19.6)
More than a high school degree	2045	(64.5)	1527	(67.6)	518	(51.2)
Income							<.001
Below FPL^a	790	(16.8)	584	(15.9)	206	(20.5)
100–250% FPL	986	(25.9)	689	(24.8)	297	(30.6)
Above 250% FPL	1413	(50.8)	1017	(53.5)	396	(39.0)
Refused/Missing	255	(6.6)	151	(5.8)	104	(10.0)
Health Characteristics
Smoking status							<.001
Never smoker	2035	(58.8)	1309	(55.7)	726	(71.8)
Former smoker	573	(15.2)	409	(18.6)	164	(16.3)
Current smoker	836	(23.1)	723	(25.7)	113	(11.9)
Total number of sexual partners (lifetime)							<.001
5 or fewer	1432	(42.2)	897	(39.6)	535	(53.6)
6 or more	1556	(47.3)	1294	(51.6)	262	(28.3)
Never had sex	101	(2.5)	58	(2.1)	43	(4.3)
Missing/Refused	355	(8.0)	192	(6.7)	163	(13.8)
HPV Vaccination Series Initiation^b							0.02
Started series	209	(16.3)	187	(18.1)	22	(6.7)
Did not start series	1063	(76.8)	798	(75.1)	265	(86.0)
Missing	92	(6.9)	71	(6.8)	21	(7.3)

Note. HPV, human papillomavirus

Table shows raw frequencies and weighted percentages. Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding. P-values represent results of chi-square analyses. Dashes (–) indicate not applicable.

^a Federal Poverty Level (U.S.)

^b Vaccination initiation was calculated for those 35 and under

Figure 1. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection by nativity status among women (Panel A) and men (Panel B) in the U.S. Bars indicate standard errors.

Table 2. HPV infection among women in the U.S., by nativity status.

	Any HPV type		High-risk HPV type		Vaccine-preventable HPV type
	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)
Nativity status
U.S.-born	ref		ref		ref
Foreign-born	0.76	(0.53–1.08)	0.82	(0.55–1.22)	0.75	(0.41–1.38)
Demographic Characteristics
Age (years)
20–29	ref		ref		ref
30–39	0.67	(0.45–1.01)*	0.60	(0.39–0.93)*	0.63	(0.39–1.01)*
40–49	0.64	(0.45–0.91)*	0.50	(0.34–0.73)*	0.46	(0.23–0.92)*
50–59	0.51	(0.34–0.74)*	0.38	(0.27–0.54)*	0.39	(0.25–0.63)*
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	ref		ref		ref
Non-Hispanic black	2.22	(1.53–3.22)*	1.59	(1.06–2.38)*	1.43	(0.75–2.72)
Hispanic	1.49	(0.91–2.43)	1.45	(0.84–2.50)	1.69	(0.97–2.94)**
Other	1.21	(0.84–1.74)	1.18	(0.79–1.75)	1.45	(0.65–3.23)
Relationship/marital status
Not married	ref		ref		ref
Married/living with a partner	2.57	(2.12–3.11)*	1.93	(1.46–2.54)*	1.66	(1.26–2.18)*
Education
Less than a high school degree	ref		ref		ref
High school degree	1.12	(0.77–1.65)	1.30	(0.75–2.27)	1.50	(0.90–2.51)
More than a high school degree	0.92	(0.61–1.38)	0.79	(0.47–1.32)	0.77	(0.48–1.24)
Income
Below FPL^a	ref		ref		ref
100–250% FPL	1.00	(0.71–1.41)	1.09	(0.69–1.74)	1.16	(0.71–1.89)
Above 250% FPL	0.75	(0.52–1.08)	0.84	(0.54–1.30)	0.98	(0.59–1.62)
Refused/Missing	0.95	(0.54–1.66)	0.98	(0.57–1.69)	0.84	(0.40–1.75)
Health Characteristics
Smoking status
Never smoker	ref		ref		ref
Former smoker	0.92	(0.58–1.46)	1.04	(0.64–1.68)	1.33	(0.63–2.80)
Current smoker	1.51	(0.92–2.50)**	1.44	(0.93–2.24)**	2.23	(1.44–3.45)*
Total number of sexual partners (lifetime)
5 or fewer	ref		ref		ref
6 or more	2.43	(1.80–3.29)*	2.45	(1.69–3.54)*	1.89	(1.09–3.27)*
Never had sex	0.13	(0.05–0.34)*	0.25	(0.09–0.69)*	0.21	(0.06–0.70)*
Missing/Refused	1.77	(1.29–2.42)*	1.60	(1.26–2.02)*	2.08	(1.04–4.16)*

Note. CI, confidence interval; HPV, human papillomavirus; OR, odds ratio; ref, referent group

Tables presents results from multivariable logistic regression analyses including all variables shown.

^a Federal Poverty Level (U.S.)

*p < 05

**p < .01

Table 3. HPV infection among men in the U.S., by nativity status.

	Any HPV type		High-risk HPV type		Vaccine-preventable HPV type
	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)
Nativity status
U.S.-born	ref		ref		ref
Foreign-born	0.88	(0.55–1.40)	0.75	(0.60–0.93)*	1.02	(0.58–1.79)
Demographic Characteristics
Age (years)
20–29	ref		ref		ref
30–39	1.05	(0.79–1.41)	0.96	(0.73–1.25)	0.97	(0.61–1.54)
40–49	1.09	(0.79–1.50)	0.83	(0.59–1.18)	0.78	(0.49–1.24)
50–59	1.28	(0.84–1.95)	0.85	(0.59–1.24)	1.01	(0.61–1.67)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	ref		ref		ref
Non-Hispanic black	1.96	(1.59–2.42)*	1.50	(1.11–2.02)*	1.29	(0.83–2.00)
Hispanic	1.25	(0.92–1.69)	1.04	(0.74–1.45)	0.78	(0.45–1.37)
Other	0.72	(0.43–1.19)	0.55	(0.34–0.88)*	0.94	(0.53–1.69)
Relationship/marital status
Not married	ref		ref		ref
Married/living with a partner	1.38	(1.04–1.82)*	1.38	(1.01–1.89)*	1.67	(1.23–2.29)*
Education
Less than a high school degree	ref		ref		ref
High school degree	1.51	(1.01–2.25)*	1.56	(0.90–2.70)	1.09	(0.62–1.93)
More than a high school degree	0.96	(0.69–1.33)	0.95	(0.65–1.39)	0.49	(0.32–0.75)*
Income
Below FPL^a	ref		ref		ref
100–250% FPL	0.86	(0.58–1.27)	0.74	(0.44–1.26)	1.07	(0.68–1.68)
Above 250% FPL	0.90	(0.56–1.42)	0.78	(0.45–1.34)	1.12	(0.67–1.89)
Refused/Missing	0.62	(0.30–1.28)	0.50	(0.25–0.99)*	0.61	(0.30–1.22)
Health Characteristics
Smoking status
Never smoker	ref		ref		ref
Former smoker	1.29	(0.92–1.82)	1.30	(0.90–1.88)	0.64	(0.41–1.01)*
Current smoker	1.69	(1.06–2.67)*	1.23	(0.90–1.68)	1.17	(0.78–1.77)
Total number of sexual partners (lifetime)
5 or fewer	ref		ref		ref
6 or more	3.48	(2.49–4.88)*	3.80	(2.77–5.23)*	4.80	(2.89–7.95)*
Never had sex	0.12	(0.03–0.47)*	0.09	(0.01–0.85)*	0.11	(0.01–1.04)**
Missing/Refused	3.06	(1.74–5.38)*	3.90	(2.27–6.70)*	3.97	(1.71–9.25)*

Note. CI, confidence interval; HPV, human papillomavirus; OR, odds ratio; ref, referent group

^aFederal Poverty Level (U.S.)

*p < 05

**p < .01