A systematic literature review to examine the potential for social media to impact HPV vaccine uptake and awareness, knowledge, and attitudes about HPV and HPV vaccination

Figures & data

Table 1. Search terms.

Key Concepts	Search terms
Social media	“Social media” OR “social network*” OR Facebook OR Twitter OR YouTube OR Instagram OR Vine OR Reddit OR WeChat OR Pinterest OR Snapchat OR Tumblr OR “message board” OR “discussion board” OR forum* OR (online AND comment*)
	AND
HPV and HPV vaccine	HPV OR “human papillomavirus” OR “human papilloma virus” OR Gardasil OR Cervarix

Figure 1. PRISMA diagram.

Table 2. Summary of content analysis articles included in review.

Article (First Author Name)	Relevant Content Source	Primary Content Topic	Relevant Data Collected*
Keelan (2007)^Citation24	YouTube	Vaccination and immunization	All videos as of February 20, 2007
Ache (2008)^Citation25	YouTube	HPV vaccination	All videos as of February 8, 2008
Briones (2012)^Citation26	YouTube	HPV vaccination	All videos as of November 1, 2010
Basch (2017)^Citation27	YouTube	Anal cancer	All videos with at least 1,000 views as of June 29, 2016
Basch (2016)^Citation28	YouTube	HPV	Most viewed “consumer” and “professional” videos from 2007 and June 2014
Ekram (2018)^Citation29	YouTube	HPV vaccination	Most viewed videos and top 100 comments from June 22, 2014 and December 19, 2014
Coloma (2015)^Citation30	Facebook, Twitter, Google+	HPV and fertility	All posts as of September 25, 2014
Suragh (2018)^Citation31	Facebook	Immunization adverse effects	Top 20 posts from 2007 to 2016 about each topic: hysteria, fainting, and mystery illness after vaccination
Hale (2014)^Citation32	Facebook	Health conditions	All Facebook pages of 20 most searched for health conditions (HPV as #17) on Google as of July 24, 2012
Dunn (2015)^Citation33	Twitter	HPV vaccination	All tweets from October 1, 2013 to April 1, 2014
Zhou (2015)^Citation34	Twitter	HPV vaccination	All tweets from October 1, 2013 to March 31, 2014
Mahoney (2015)^Citation35	Twitter	HPV vaccination	First 100 tweets that included news articles from April 1, 2011 to October 31, 2011
Bahk (2016)^Citation36	Twitter	Vaccination	All tweets from August 2013 to July 2014
Massey (2016)^Citation37	Twitter	HPV vaccination	All tweets from August 1, 2014 to July 31, 2015
Surian (2016)^Citation38	Twitter	HPV vaccination	All tweets from October 1, 2013 to October 29, 2015
Du (2017)^Citation39	Twitter	HPV vaccination	All tweets from November 2, 2015 to March 28, 2016
Dunn (2017)^Citation40	Twitter	HPV vaccination	All tweets from October 1, 2013 to October 30, 2015
Keim-Malpass (2017)^Citation41	Twitter	HPV vaccination	All tweet over two-week period in June 2015
Shapiro (2017)^Citation42	Twitter	HPV vaccination	All tweets from Australia, Canada, and the UK from January 2014 to April 2016
Lama (2018)^Citation43	Twitter	HPV	All tweets posted by users in the USA from November 11, 2014 to August 8, 2016
Massey (2018)^Citation44	Twitter	HPV vaccination	All tweets from August 1, 2014 to July 31, 2015
Teoh (2018)^Citation45	Twitter	Cervical cancer	Top tweets in January 2016
Keelan (2010)^Citation46	MySpace	HPV vaccination	All posts from November 2005 to May 2008
Basch (2018)^Citation47	Instagram	HPV	Most recent 50 posts on September 7, September 21, and October 4 of 2018
Battles (2010)^Citation48	Online message board	HPV vaccination	All posts in May, September, and November 2007
Pias-Peleterio (2013)^Citation49	Online forums	HPV vaccination	All blogs or forums found from Spanish-language Google search on September 20, 2012
Penta (2014)^Citation50	Online discussion forums	HPV vaccination	All comments from Romanian forums with at least 5 user comments from 2007 to 2012
Feinberg (2015)^Citation51	Online comment sections	HPV and HPV vaccination	All comments on English and French online news articles about HPV and/or HPV vaccination on Canadian news websites in 2012
Lee (2012)^Citation52	Q&A section	HPV	All questions submitted publicly or privately from March 2004 to July 2011 to a Korean website about HPV

*All content was English language and based upon all publicly available information available at the time of data collection unless specified otherwise.

Table 3. Summary of primary human subjects research articles included in review.

Article (First Author Name)	Primary Method/Design	Participant Sample	Relevant Outcome Measures
Britt (2014)^Citation53	Survey	Undergraduate students in midwestern USA	HPV vaccine attitudes and intentions; social media use attitudes
Zhang (2015)^Citation54	Focus groups	Female college students in Hawaii, USA	Perceptions about how information about HPV should be shared on Facebook
Yoo (2018)^Citation55	Survey	Female Twitter followers of cervical cancer prevention campaign	HPV vaccine attitudes and intentions; social media perceptions and behaviors
Dilley (2018)^Citation56	Survey and interviews	Health care providers and parents in Alabama	Perceptions of barriers and potential facilitators to improve HPV vaccine uptake (including social media)
Kim (2018)^Citation57	Survey	Undergraduate students in Korea	Beliefs, acceptance, and information sources of HPV vaccine (including social media)
Widman (2018)^Citation58	Survey and interviews	Health care providers and parents in western region of New York state, USA	Experiences, perceptions of barriers, and potential facilitators to improve HPV vaccine uptake (including social media)
Margolis (2018)^Citation59	Survey	Parents in USA	Frequency and source (including social media) of having heard stories about HPV vaccine harm or HPV disease prevention; HPV vaccine initiation, delay, and refusal
Lai (2015)^Citation60	Facebook intervention	Senior high school students in Taipei, Taiwan	HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge, attitudes, and intentions
Delany-Moretlwe (2018)^Citation61	Campaign evaluation	Grade 4 girls in South Africa and Department of Health staff	Media coverage of campaign and HPV vaccination and its potential impact on vaccine uptake (including social media)
Lyson (2018)^Citation62	Social media intervention	Adult females in USA	Knowledge, awareness, and prevention behaviors related to HPV and cervical cancer
Mohanty (2018)^Citation63	Facebook campaign	Adolescents in Philadelphia, PA, USA	Campaign engagement and HPV vaccine uptake
Ortiz (2018)^Citation64	Facebook intervention	Adolescents in USA who had not completed the HPV vaccine series	HPV awareness, knowledge, and vaccine uptake
Piedimonte (2018)^Citation65	Campaign evaluation (included use of Facebook and Instagram)	College students at universities in Canada	HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge and perceptions and HPV vaccine uptake
Sundstrom (2018)^Citation66	Campaign evaluation (included use of Facebook, Twitter, and Vine)	College students at a college in South Carolina, USA	HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge and perceptions and HPV vaccine uptake
Lee (2017)^Citation67	Experiment (testing effect of messages on Facebook vs. online news site)	College students at a southwestern university, USA	HPV and HPV vaccine attitudes, perceptions, and intentions

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