Countering vaccine hesitancy through immunization information systems, a narrative review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual framework for the use of IIS to counter vaccine hesitancy, according to the 3C model.

Table 1. Characteristics extracted from the included studies.

Reference	Country	Name of IIS	Study aim	Main results
IIS functionality explored: recall
Chung^Citation17	USA	North Carolina Immunization Registry	Evaluate the efficacy of registry-driven recall	VC was higher in intervention counties compared to the control
Clark^Citation18	USA	Michigan IIS	Evaluate parental’ s experiences and preferences about reminder/recall	56% of parents preferred to register their cell phone number and to receive call or text messages
Crawford^Citation19	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate the effect of post card recall on VC	The post card recall did not increase significantly the VC
Custis^Citation20	USA	WIZRD	Evaluate the effect of recall letter on VC	The recall letter did not increase significantly the VC
Dombkowski^Citation21	USA	Michigan Care Improvement Registry	Assess feasibility for initiating a recall by private sector	The cost of recall intervention ranged between $0.05 and $6 per children
Dombkowski^Citation22	USA	Michigan Care Improvement Registry	Evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of recall during seasonal flu campaign	Recall group had a VC significantly higher compared to the control group
Dombkowski^Citation23	USA	Michigan Care Improvement Registry	Assess the completeness of parent contact information	Adolescents had the lowest data completeness
Dombkowski^Citation24	USA	Michigan Care Improvement Registry	Evaluate the effect of centralized recall strategies on children VC	Children 19 months old in the recall group had significantly higher immunization activity compared to children who did not receive a recall notification
Dombkowski^Citation25	USA	Michigan Care Improvement Registry	Evaluate the effect of recall strategies for flu vaccination, among chronic children	The recall strategy increased significantly the VC among intervention group compared to control
Hofstetter^Citation26	USA	New York State IIS	Determine the impact of text message on flu VC among unvaccinated children	Beneficial effect of educational plus interactive text message on VC
Kempe^Citation27	USA	Colorado IIS	Compared population-based recall vs. practice-based recall	Population-based recall was more effective and cost-effective
Kempe^Citation28	USA	Colorado IIS	Compared collaborative centralized vs. practice-based recall approaches	The centralized recall was more cost-effective compared to practice-based ($11.75 vs. $74.00 per child, and vaccination was performed in 19.2% vs. 9.8% of children)
Morris^Citation29	USA	San Diego Immunization Registry	Compare 4 types of recall: postcard, text message, e-mail, phone call and nonintervention control group	The text message group had the highest VC
Saville^Citation30	USA	Colorado IIS	Identify parents’ preferences on type of recall	The most preferred recall was mail, followed by telephone, e-mail and lastly messages
Stockwell^Citation31	USA	New York Citywide Immunization Registry	Evaluate the effect of educational recall messages	Children and adolescents who received the recall had higher VC compared to control
Stockwell^Citation32	USA	New York Citywide Immunization Registry	Evaluate the efficacy of two types of recall (paper mail plus text messages vs. paper mail)	Text-messaging platform integrated with the IIS was developed and users who received text messages had higher VC
Stockwell^Citation33	USA	New York Citywide Immunization Registry	Evaluate the efficacy of recall on health record	The recall increased documentation of the reason for vaccine non-administration
Suh^Citation34	USA	Computerized immunization registry in Denver Community Health Services	Estimate the effectiveness of automatic recalls	The intervention group had significantly higher VC for at least one vaccine and for all targeted vaccines
IIS functionality explored: reminder
Allison^Citation35	USA	Regional IIS	Evaluate the effectiveness of a reminder for flu seasonal vaccine in chronic patients	VC in chronic patients did not change during the study period. However, the VC in healthy children reduced
Brousseau^Citation36	Canada	Vaccination registry VAXIN	Evaluate the impact of feedback to immunization providers	Provide feedback to vaccinators, promoted a changes in immunization providers’ habits
Crawford^Citation37	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate the effectiveness of an audit findings feedback	Reminder improved vaccine delivery
IIS functionality explored: characteristics of vaccine refusers and vaccine recipients
Beard^Citation38	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate the trend of vaccination objections	The objections recorded increased over the time. Children resident in low SES area had the higher rate of vaccination objections
Bernhardt^Citation39	New Zealand	New Zealand National Immunisation Register	Explore association between vitamin K prophylaxis decline and low acceptance of vaccination	Refusing vitamin K prophylaxis was associated with low acceptance of vaccinations
Feemster^Citation40	USA	Vaccines for Children program database	Identify characteristics of children who delay vaccination	Maternal characteristics and type of prenatal care visits were associated with vaccines delay
Feiring^Citation41	Norway	Norwegian Immunisation Registry	Identify reasons to not accept HPV vaccination	Parental education and income were associated with HPV vaccine acceptance
Forbes^Citation7	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate the vaccination uptake after immunization consultation among hesitant parents	42% of hesitant parents accepted the vaccination after the consultation
Gold^Citation42	USA	Oregon’s IIS	Evaluate timing of HPV vaccination	Age and ethnicity were associated with timely and completion of vaccination
Gowda^Citation43	USA	Michigan Care Improvement Registry	Identify factors associated to vaccination acceptance	Age, provider type and childhood immunization history were factors associated with vaccination acceptance
Grant^Citation44	New Zealand	New Zealand National Immunisation Register	Identify antenatal factors associated to vaccination acceptance	Addressing vaccine concerns during antenatal periods increases vaccination acceptance
Gupta^Citation45	USA	Virginia’s Statewide IIS	Identify factors associated to vaccination acceptance	Access limitations, perception of low urgency and safety of vaccine were main factors
Hofstetter^Citation46	USA	New York State Citywide IIS	Identify characteristics of children who performed vaccination in time	Missed opportunities and ethnicity were negatively associated with timeliness
Lin^Citation47	China	China Information Management System for Immunization Programming	Identify factors associated with measles vaccination delay	Immigration, sex, low SES, had a history of delays in other vaccinations and had parents who did not believe in vaccinations importance were determinants of measles vaccination delay
MacDonald^Citation48	Canada	Canadian Regional Immunization Registry	Identify reasons for partial immunization	Safety concern, lack of awareness and lack of trust in the health institutions were the most frequent reasons for partial immunizations
Martinez-Baz^Citation49	Spain	Population-based vaccination registry	Analyze factors influencing continued adherence to flu vaccination	Number of physician visits per year, sex, age and major chronic condition were statistically associated with flu vaccination
Nadeau^Citation50	USA	New York State IIS	Evaluation of trends in alternative schedule compliance	Alternative schedule was mainly adopted by children not up-to-date at age 9 months, with 2 extra vaccine visits compared to children following standard schedules
Riise^Citation51	Norway	Norwegian Immunisation Registry SYSVAK	Identify characteristic of children delaying vaccinations	Be an immigrant children, vaccinations scheduled during summer and first dose of measles had the higher odds to delay vaccination
Robison^Citation52	USA	Oregon ALERT IIS	Evaluation of trends in alternative schedule compliance	Alternative schedule was increasingly adopted during the study period
Schmitt^Citation53	USA	Florida statewide immunization registry	Examine factors associated with HPV immunization timely completion	Women under Medicaid were less likely to complete the vaccination on time, as African-Americans, and aged 18–21
Tan^Citation54	USA	North Caroline Immunization Registry	Assess characteristic of girls in time with the HPV vaccination	Ethnicity and race, such as having received previous vaccine doses in time, were associated to receive HPV vaccine doses on time
Van Keulen^Citation55	Netherlands	Dutch national immunization register Præventis	Evaluate the factors related to HPV vaccination acceptance	Social–psychological variables largely impacted on HPV vaccination acceptance
van Lier^Citation56	Netherlands	Dutch national immunization register Præventis	Identify uptake vaccine determinants	Low VC was associated with had at least one parent born out of the Netherlands and low SES
Wagner^Citation57	United Kingdom	CHIS	Monitoring vaccination coverage by ethnicity	Ethnicity but not deprivation was associated with VC. Practitioner not in practice in the CHIS decreased the odd to be vaccinated
Wei^Citation58	USA	Vaccine Safety Datalink	Assess refusal status	Racial, education and income characteristics were associated with vaccinations refuse
Wilson^Citation59	Canada	Immunization Records Information System	Evaluate the trend of nonmedical expectations	Religious/Conscientious exemptions increased over the study period
Wilson^Citation60	Canada	Immunization Records Information System	Evaluate the trend of nonmedical expectations	Nonmedical exemptions increased over the period
Woestenberg^Citation61	Netherlands	Dutch national immunization register Præventis	Estimate the timeliness vaccination among preterm infants	Urbanity, being vaccinated in hospital, ethnicity, gestational age and birth weight impact on vaccination timeliness
IIS functionality explored: missed opportunities
Berling^Citation62	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Estimate missed opportunities in local ED	35/95 cases were missed opportunities
Daley^Citation63	USA	Regional IIS	Assess frequency of missed opportunities	Missed opportunities occurred approximately in 70% of all vaccine-eligible visits
Oltean^Citation64	USA	Washington State IIS	Estimate missed opportunities for HPV	One-third of eligible unvaccinated girls and two of five eligible boys aged 11–17 y had at least one missed opportunity to receive HPV
Shingler^Citation65	New Zealand	New Zealand National Immunisation Register	Evaluate the effectiveness of an audit of missed opportunities	The majority of children under immunized were vaccinated in hospital setting
Verani^Citation66	USA	New York State IIS	Assess the prevalence of missed opportunities	Missed opportunities had occurred in 82.2% of all vaccine-eligible visits
Way^Citation67	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Estimate the proportion of missed opportunities in ED	Half of the children overdue for immunization remained under immunized for more than 77 d in mean
IIS functionality explored: interoperability and DSS
Hosseini^Citation68	Iran	Iran’s IIS	Simplify and encourage the use of decision system support within the IIS	Address interoperability within and between IISs
Rajamani^Citation69	USA	Minnesota Immunization Information Connection	Evaluate the utilization of DSS for immunizations	59% of queries identified a successful record
Stevens^Citation70	USA	California Immunization Registry	Develop an integrated interface between IIS and EMR	The new interface was considered more comfortable and efficient by physicians
Swenson^Citation71	USA	Regional IIS	Evaluate the effect of DSS on VC	DSS identified more patients increasing VC among adults
IIS functionality explored: vaccine program performance
Ali^Citation72	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate if visiting practices with low VC increase the immunization rate	The intervention increase the VC
Brotherton^Citation73	Australia	Australian National HPV Vaccination Program Register	Evaluate the efficacy of a school-based approach	70% of girls in this age group was fully vaccinated
Cates^Citation74	USA	Sentinel IIS sites	Evaluate the effect of a social marketing intervention to increase HPV VC	VC increased by 34%
Clayton^Citation75	USA	Michigan Care Improvement Registry	Evaluate the effect of immunization provider type	Public providers had lower odds of vaccinating children compared to private
Ernst^Citation76	USA	Arizona State IIS	Evaluate the effect of new policy on HAV VC	Differences were found among the regions with different policies implemented
Feiring^Citation77	Norway	Norwegian Immunisation Registry	Efficacy of selective immunization strategy	Selective vaccination reached lower rate of VC compared to universal program
Hull^Citation78	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate the impact of introduction of new vaccine (rotavirus)	Timeliness of other vaccinations improve
Humiston^Citation79	USA	New York State Citywide IIS	Evaluate the impact of SLV influenza programs	Intervention group had higher VC compared to control group
Isaac^Citation80	Canada	Manitoba IIS	Evaluate the efficacy of home visiting programs on VC	VC increased among families enrolled in the home visiting program compared to controls
Kansagra^Citation81	USA	New York State Citywide IIS	Evaluate the impact of SLV influenza programs to reach children never immunized against flu	SLV reach more children never immunized
Kharbanda^Citation82	USA	New York State Citywide IIS	Evaluate VC changes after the introduction of school mandated immunization	VC increased during the study period
Melinkovich^Citation83	USA	Computerized immunization registry in Denver Community Health Services	Evaluate VC after implementation of combined several types of activities	Financial incentives and shared strategy and policy increased VC
Moore^Citation84	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate the effect of policy initiatives on VC	Proactive follow up of children, more sustain for immunization services and centralization of vaccine delivery service increased VC
Moss^Citation85	USA	North Carolina Immunization Registry	Analyze organization aspects of clinics that impact on vaccination acceptance	Pediatrics clinics specializing in pediatry had higher VC for pediatrics vaccines but not for HPV, also vaccination documentation type impact on VC
Moss^Citation86	USA	North Carolina Immunization Registry	Evaluate the efficacy of a brief intervention on HPV VC	The intervention (webinar) increased VC during the study period
Potter^Citation87	USA	Michigan Care Improvement Registry	Evaluate the effect of new school rules and vaccine coadministration	The new policy was associated with high completion rate of the vaccines required
Rehn^Citation88	Sweden	Swedish vaccination register SVEVAC	Evaluate the efficacy of implementation strategies	Counties offering vaccination in school had higher VC compared to counties without vaccination program in school
Simpson^Citation89	USA	Arizona State IIS	Evaluate the VC changes after the school entry mandate	After the school entry mandate the VC increased
Sull^Citation90	USA	New York State Citywide IIS	Estimate the effect of vaccine coadministration on VC	Age-specific VC increased
Suryadevara^Citation91	USA	New York State IIS	Estimate the efficacy of multicomponent community-based interventions	VC increased after providing practical information about where, why and how to perform vaccinations
Teplow- Phipps ^Citation92	USA	New York State Citywide IIS	Identify factors associated with early uptake and completeness of immunization	Greater odds of early uptake were registered among publicly insured adolescents, while completion was higher in private hospital
Ward^Citation93	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluation of varicella vaccination program implementation	The introduction of public-funded vaccination increased VC in 24 months aged children, but not in adolescents
IIS functionality explored: record or link AEFIs data
Alguacil-Ramos^Citation94	Spain	Vaccination Information System	Estimate the incidence of AEFIs	An increased number of AEFIs were recorded after the switch from DTaP to Tdap
Arnheim-Dahlstrom^Citation137	Sweden	Swedish vaccination register SVEVAC	Evaluate incidence of epileptic seizures after A/H1N1 vaccination	No association between epileptic seizures and flu vaccination
Baker^Citation95	USA	Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Virginia IIS	Merge data from different database to evaluate the efficacy of a post-licensure vaccine safety program (PRISM)	The PRISM was complete enough to guaranty a valid surveillance system
Bakken^Citation96	Norway	Norwegian Immunisation Register	Estimate the risk of febrile seizure after flu infection or vaccination (A/H1N1)	The risk of febrile seizure was higher in both group
Buttery^Citation97	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate the risk of intussusception after rotavirus vaccination	No significant increased risk of intussusception, but there was some evidence of higher risk following the first dose
Carlin^Citation98	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate the risk of intussusception after rotavirus (Rotarix and RotaTeq) vaccination	Similar increased risk after both types of vaccine; however, the benefits were higher compared to the risk
Conlin^Citation99	USA	The National Smallpox Vaccine in Pregnancy Registry	Evaluate the risk of pregnancy loss after inadvertently smallpox and/or anthrax vaccination	No risk after inadvertently smallpox and/or anthrax vaccination during pregnancy
De Wals^Citation100	Canada	Meningococcal Vaccination Registry	Analyze mortality after meningococcal C vaccination	Mortality rate for all causes was higher in the control group
Dey^Citation101	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Identify a proxy for an early-onset AEFIs	Representation to general practice, 48 h after immunization, is a good proxy of early-onset AEFIs
Gold^Citation102	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate the association between MMR vaccination and febrile convulsion	Confirmation of association between MMR vaccination and febrile convulsion
Håberg^Citation103	Norway	Norwegian Immunisation Register	Evaluate the risk of fetal death after flu vaccination during pregnancy	No association between flu vaccination in pregnancy and fetal death was associated. Fetal death was higher after flu infection in pregnancy
Heier^Citation104	Norway	Norwegian Immunisation Register	Estimate the risk of narcolepsy after A/H1N1 vaccination	Risk of narcolepsy was higher in children 4–19 y old
Hu^Citation105	China	Individual IIS	Describe the reported AEFIs	The majority of AEFIs recorded were nonserious events
Kiraly^Citation106	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Estimate the risk of allergy after DTaP vaccination	No increased risk of atopy was found
Liang^Citation107	China	National IIS’s National Adverse Event Following Immunization Surveillance System	Assess the post-marketing safety of flu vaccination	No patterns of AEFIs were identified
Liu^Citation108	Canada	Alberta Immunization and Adverse Reaction to Immunization	Estimate the incidence of AEFIs and venous thromboembolism, after HPV vaccination	Incidence of AEFIs was within the expected rate
Lloyd-Johnsen^Citation109	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Estimate the incidence of intussusception after rotavirus vaccination among patients admitted to the Royal Children’s Hospital	Intussusception after vaccination occurred in 27 patients admitted to the Royal Children’s Hospital
Macartney^Citation110	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate the association between MMR and varicella vaccination and febrile convulsion	There was an association between MMR vaccination and febrile convulsion, but not for varicella vaccine
Persson^Citation111	Sweden	Swedish vaccination register SVEVAC	Evaluate the risk of neurological and immune-related diseases after A/H1N1 vaccination	Increased risk of narcolepsy in subjects younger than 20 y old
Rouleau^Citation112	Canada	Provincial Pandemic Influenza Vaccination Registry	Identify risk factors associated with anaphylaxis after flu pandemic vaccination	Women with acute respiratory infection or food allergy had higher risk of anaphylaxis
Rousseau^Citation113	Canada	Québec BCG Vaccination Registry	Evaluate the association between BCG vaccine and diabetes	No association was found
Schurink-van^Citation114	Netherlands	Dutch national immunization register Præventis	Estimate the risk of migraine after HPV vaccination	No association was found
Stehr-Green^Citation115	New Zealand	New Zealand National Immunisation Register	Estimate the risk of bronchiolitis after meningococcal B vaccination	No association was found
Van Der Maas^Citation116	Netherlands	Dutch national immunization register Præventis	Identify potential AEFIs after HPV vaccination	No severe AEFIs were found, neither venous thromboembolic events
IIS functionality explored: social mobilization
Robison^Citation117	USA	Oregon ALERT Immunization Information System	Produce more accurate VC rate among adolescents, weighting individual records by the length of time since last activity	Weighting individual records improved the fit of IIS data
Wilson^Citation118	Canada	Immunization Records Information System	Assess mobile phone software as a tool to solve the issue of people’s mobility	Mobile technologies can empower individuals with their own health information
IIS functionality explored: identify barriers
Charland^Citation119	Canada	Montreal IIS	Identify barriers for under-immunization	Ethnic–religious barriers and socioeconomic barriers such us poverty, immigrant status, high residential density, material deprivation and high violent crime rates impacted on VC
Fu^Citation120	USA	Washington, IIS	Evaluation of spatial accessibility and vaccination compliance	Having high level of access to pediatric vaccination providers is associated with high vaccination compliance
Hull^Citation121	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Estimate the 7vPCV coverage in Aboriginal	VC vary significantly between the very remote areas and the accessible districts
Hull^Citation122	Australia	Australian Childhood Immunisation Register	Evaluate factors associated with vaccination timeliness	Timeliness is negatively associated with age, remoteness and later doses of vaccine
IIS functionality explored: geographical distribution
Barbaro^Citation123	Australia	National HPV Vaccination Program Register	Geographic distribution of HPV VC	VC in low SES areas was lower than in high SES areas
Brien^Citation124	Canada	Immunization Records Information System	Geographic distribution of VC	VC in low SES areas was lower than in high SES areas
Eccles^Citation125	Canada	Immunization Records Information System	Geospatial distribution of MMR vaccination	Clusters of high immunization rates in the center compared to low rate in south and north
Mueller^Citation126	New Zealand	New Zealand National Immunisation Register	Identify geographical distribution and disparities in immunization uptake	Ethnicity, low SES, year of birth and geographic location were associated with low immunization
Teng^Citation127	Haiti	Electronic immunization system developed ad hoc	Monitor the vaccination campaign after cholera outbreak in Haiti	Identification of geographical distribution of community coverage
Thompson^Citation128	USA	Florida Department of Health IIS	Identify geographical distribution after the outbreak of measles	It was possible to map the percent of children with religious exemptions, children on track or overdue for each vaccine series and children with no recorded vaccine
Trogdon^Citation129	USA	North Carolina Immunization Registry	Evaluate spatial patterns in HPV vaccination acceptance	Identification of underimmunized cluster that were low public-funded areas
Trogdon^Citation130	USA	North Carolina Immunization Registry	Evaluate spatial patterns in flu vaccination acceptance	Underimmunized cluster were in low public-funded areas
Wagner^Citation131	China	Shanghai Immunization Program Information System	Evaluate the effect of urbanity on VC	Disparities were higher in migrant population compared to locals, and it was higher in suburb areas

HCW: Health-care worker; VH: vaccine hesitancy; IIS: immunization information system; AEFIs: adverse events following immunizations; HPV: human papilloma virus; VC: vaccination coverage; SES: socioeconomic status; ED: emergency department; EMR: electronic medical records; SLV: school-located vaccination; MMR: measles, mumps, rubella; HAV: hepatitis A virus; DSS: decision support systems; BCG: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin; WIZARD: web-based immunization registry database; CHIS: child health information systems.

Chung RJ, Walter EB, Kemper AR, Dayton A. Keen on teen vaccines: improvement of adolescent vaccine coverage in rural North Carolina. J Adolesc Health. 2015 May;56(5 Suppl):S14–6. PubMed PMID: 25863548; eng. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.272.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Clark SJ, Butchart A, Kennedy A, Dombkowski KJ. Parents‘ experiences with and preferences for immunization reminder/recall technologies. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):e1100–e5. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3664.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Crawford N, Royle J, Sonja Elia RN, South M, Buttery J. Effect of a postcard immunisation reminder in hospital outpatients: A randomised controlled trial. J Paediatr Child Health. 2011;47:20. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01995.x.

 Google Scholar

Custis CL, Helgerson SD, Murphy JS, Parry CA, Nett RJ. Evaluation of vaccination recall letter system for medicaid-enrolled children aged 19-23 months - Montana, 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:811–15.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Dombkowski KJ, Cowan AE, Harrington LB, Allred NJ, Hudson E, Clark SJ. Feasibility of initiating and sustaining registry-based immunization recall in private practices. Acad Pediatr. 2012 Mar-Apr;12(2):104–09. PubMed PMID: 22321815; eng. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2012.01.002.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dombkowski KJ, Harrington LB, Dong S, Clark SJ. Seasonal influenza vaccination reminders for children with high-risk conditions: a registry-based randomized trial. Am J Prev Med. 2012 Jan;42(1):71–75. PubMed PMID: 22176850; eng. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.09.028.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dombkowski KJ, Reeves SL, Dong S, Stevenson J, Clark SJ. Assessing the burden of undeliverable immunization reminder and recall notifications. Prev Med. 2011 Dec;53(6):424–26. PubMed PMID: 22001688; eng. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.09.014.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dombkowski KJ, Costello LE, Harrington LB, Dong S, Kolasa M, Clark SJ. Age-specific strategies for immunization reminders and recalls: A registry-based randomized trial. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(1):1–8. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.02.009.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dombkowski KJ, Cowan AE, Potter RC, Dong S, Kolasa M, Clark SJ. Statewide pandemic influenza vaccination reminders for children with chronic conditions. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(1):e39–44. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302167.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hofstetter AM, Vargas CY, Camargo S, Holleran S, Vawdrey DK, Kharbanda EO, Stockwell MS. Impacting delayed pediatric influenza vaccination: A randomized controlled trial of text message reminders. Am J Prev Med. 2015;48(4):392–401. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.10.023.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kempe A, Saville A, Dickinson LM, Eisert S, Reynolds J, Herrero D, Beaty B, Albright K, Dibert E, Koehler V, et al. Population-based versus practice-based recall for childhood immunizations: a randomized controlled comparative effectiveness trial. Am J Public Health. 2013 Jun;103(6):1116–23. doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301035. PubMed PMID: 23237154; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3619016. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kempe A, Saville AW, Dickinson LM, Beaty B, Eisert S, Gurfinkel D, Brewer S, Shull H, Herrero D, Herlihy R. Collaborative centralized reminder/Recall notification to increase immunization rates among young children a comparative effectiveness trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(4):365–73. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3670.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Morris J, Wang W, Wang L, Peddecord KM, Sawyer MH. Comparison of reminder methods in selected adolescents with records in an immunization registry. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(5):S27–S32. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.274.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Saville AW, Beaty B, Dickinson LM, Lockhart S, Kempe A. Novel immunization reminder/recall approaches: rural and urban differences in parent perceptions. Acad Pediatr. 2014;14(3):249–55. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2014.02.003.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stockwell MS, Kharbanda EO, Martinez RA, Vargas CY, Vawdrey DK, Camargo S. Effect of a text messaging intervention on influenza vaccination in an urban, low-income pediatric and adolescent population: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2012 Apr 25;307(16):1702–08. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.502. PubMed PMID: 22535855; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stockwell MS, Kharbanda EO, Martinez RA, Lara M, Vawdrey D, Natarajan K, Rickert VI. Text4Health: impact of text message reminder-recalls for pediatric and adolescent immunizations. Am J Public Health. 2012 Feb;102(2):e15–21. PubMed PMID: 22390457; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3483980. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300331.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stockwell MS, Catallozzi M, Camargo S, Ramakrishnan R, Holleran S, Findley SE, Kukafka R, Hofstetter AM, Fernandez N, Vawdrey DK. Registry-linked electronic influenza vaccine provider reminders: A cluster-crossover trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135(1):e75–e82. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1115.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Suh CA, Saville A, Daley MF, Glazner JE, Barrow J, Stokley S, Dong F, Beaty B, Dickinson LM, Kempe A. Effectiveness and net cost of reminder/recall for adolescent immunizations. Pediatrics. 2012 Jun;129(6):e1437–45. PubMed PMID: 22566415. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1714.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Allison MA, Daley MF, Barrow J, Crane LA, Beaty BL, Allred N, Kempe A. High influenza vaccination coverage in children with high-risk conditions during a vaccine shortage. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 May;163(5):426–31. PubMed PMID: 19414688; eng. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.30.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Brousseau N, Sauvageau C, Ouakki M, Audet D, Kiely M, Couture C, Pare A, Deceuninck G. Feasibility and impact of providing feedback to vaccinating medical clinics: evaluating a public health intervention. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:750. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-750. PubMed PMID: 21129216; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3017028. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Crawford NW, Barfield C, Hunt RW, Pitcher H, Buttery JP. Improving preterm infants‘ immunisation status: a follow-up audit. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Apr;50(4):314–18. PubMed PMID: 24372963; eng. doi:10.1111/jpc.12481.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Beard FH, Hull BP, Leask J, Dey A, McIntyre PB. Trends and patterns in vaccination objection, Australia, 2002-2013. Med J Aust. 2016 Apr 18;204(7):275. doi:10.5694/mja15.01226. PubMed PMID: 27078604; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bernhardt H, Barker D, Reith DM, Broadbent RS, Jackson PM, Wheeler BJ. Declining newborn intramuscular vitamin K prophylaxis predicts subsequent immunisation refusal: A retrospective cohort study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2015 Sep;51(9):889–94. PubMed PMID: 25873083; eng. doi:10.1111/jpc.12887.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Feemster KA, Spain CV, Eberhart M, Pati S, Watson B. Identifying infants at increased risk for late initiation of immunizations: maternal and provider characteristics. Public Health Rep (Washington, DC: 1974). 2009 Jan-Feb;124(1):42–53. doi:10.1177/003335490912400108. PubMed PMID: 19413027; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2602930. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Feiring B, Laake I, Molden T, Cappelen I, Haberg SE, Magnus P, Steingrimsdottir OA, Strand BH, Stalcrantz J, Trogstad L. Do parental education and income matter? A nationwide register-based study on HPV vaccine uptake in the school-based immunisation programme in Norway. BMJ Open. 2015;5(5):e006422. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006422. PubMed PMID: 25991445; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4442157. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Forbes TA, McMinn A, Crawford N, Leask J, Danchin M. Vaccination uptake by vaccine-hesitant parents attending a specialist immunization clinic in Australia. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(12):2895–903. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1070997.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gold R, Naleway AL, Jenkins LL, Riedlinger KK, Kurosky SK, Nystrom RJ, Kurilo MB. Completion and timing of the three-dose human papillomavirus vaccine series among adolescents attending school-based health centers in Oregon. Prev Med. 2011 Jun;52(6):456–58. PubMed PMID: 21539853; eng. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.04.010.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gowda C, Dong S, Potter RC, Dombkowski KJ, Dempsey AF. A population-level assessment of factors associated with uptake of adolescent-targeted vaccines in Michigan. J Adolesc Health. 2013 Oct;53(4):498–505. PubMed PMID: 24054080; eng. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.022.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Grant CC, Chen MH, Bandara DK, Marks EJ, Gilchrist CA, Lewycka S, Carr PE, Robinson EM, Pryor JE, Camargo CA, et al. Antenatal immunisation intentions of expectant parents: relationship to immunisation timeliness during infancy. Vaccine. 2016 Mar 8;34(11):1379–88. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.048. PubMed PMID: 26850758; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gupta R, Alkhateeb FM, Latif DA, Farley KN. Parental attitudes affecting compliance with the recommendation for two doses of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in children less than 10 years of age in West Virginia. W V Med J. 2013 Mar-Apr;109(2):10–14. PubMed PMID: 23600099; eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hofstetter AM, Natarajan K, Martinez RA, Rabinowitz D, Vawdrey DK, Stockwell MS. Influenza vaccination coverage and timeliness among children requiring two doses, 2004-2009. Prev Med. 2013 Mar;56(3–4):165–70. PubMed PMID: 23219757; eng. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.11.018.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lin W, Xiong Y, Tang H, Chen B, Ni J. Factors associated with delayed measles vaccination among children in Shenzhen, China: a case-control study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(12):3601–06. doi:10.4161/21645515.2014.979687. PubMed PMID: 25668667; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4514074. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MacDonald SE, Schopflocher DP, Vaudry W. Parental concern about vaccine safety in Canadian children partially immunized at age 2: A multivariable model including system level factors. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(9):2603–11. doi:10.4161/21645515.2014.970075.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Martinez-Baz I, Aguilar I, Moran J, Albeniz E, Aldaz P, Castilla J. Factors associated with continued adherence to influenza vaccination in the elderly. Prev Med. 2012 Sep;55(3):246–50. PubMed PMID: 22759626; eng. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.06.020.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nadeau JA, Bednarczyk RA, Masawi MR, Meldrum MD, Santilli L, Zansky SM, Blog DS, Birkhead GS, McNutt LA. Vaccinating my way - Use of alternative vaccination schedules in New York State. J Pediatr. 2015;166(1):151–6.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.052.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Riise OR, Laake I, Bergsaker MA, Nokleby H, Haugen IL, Storsaeter J. Monitoring of timely and delayed vaccinations: a nation-wide registry-based study of Norwegian children aged < 2 years. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:180. doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0487-4. PubMed PMID: 26563381; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4643514. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Robison SG, Groom H, Young C. Frequency of alternative immunization schedule use in a metropolitan area. Pediatrics. 2012 Jul;130(1):32–38. PubMed PMID: 22711719; eng. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3154.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Schmitt K, Thompson DR. HPV vaccine timeliness and completion rates, Florida 2007-2011. J Womens Health. 2013;22:40.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tan W, Viera AJ, Rowe-West B, Grimshaw A, Quinn B, Walter EB. The HPV vaccine: are dosing recommendations being followed? Vaccine. 2011 Mar 21;29(14):2548–54. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.066. PubMed PMID: 21300098; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

van Keulen HM, Otten W, Ruiter RA, Fekkes M, van Steenbergen J, Dusseldorp E, Paulussen TW. Determinants of HPV vaccination intentions among Dutch girls and their mothers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:111. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-111. PubMed PMID: 23388344; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3570492. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

van Lier A, van de Kassteele J, de Hoogh P, Drijfhout I, de Melker H. Vaccine uptake determinants in The Netherlands. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(2):304–09. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt042.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wagner KS, van Wijgerden JC, Andrews N, Goulden K, White JM. Childhood vaccination coverage by ethnicity within London between 2006/2007 and 2010/2011. Arch Dis Child. 2014 Apr;99(4):348–53. PubMed PMID: 24347574; eng. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304388.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wei F, Mullooly JP, Goodman M, McCarty MC, Hanson AM, Crane B, Nordin JD. Identification and characteristics of vaccine refusers. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9:18. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-9-18. PubMed PMID: 19261196; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2667392. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wilson S, Lim G, Seo C, McIntyre M, Fediurek J, Deeks S. School-based vaccination programs in Ontario: vaccine coverage and non-medical exemptions. Paediatr Child Health (Canada). 2014;19(6):e45. doi:10.1093/pch/19.6.e35-27.

 Google Scholar

Wilson SE, Seo CY, Lim GH, Fediurek J, Crowcroft NS, Deeks SL. Trends in medical and nonmedical immunization exemptions to measles-containing vaccine in Ontario: an annual cross-sectional assessment of students from school years 2002/03 to 2012/13. CMAJ Open. 2015 Jul-Sep;3(3):E317–23. PubMed PMID: 26457292; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4596119. eng. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20140088.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Woestenberg PJ, van Lier A, van der Maas NA, Drijfhout IH, Oomen PJ, de Melker HE. Delayed start of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated polio vaccination in preterm and low birth weight infants in the Netherlands. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Feb;33(2):190–98. PubMed PMID: 24168985; eng. doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000000106.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Berling I, Stephenson J, Cashman PM, Loten C, Butler M, Durrheim D. Are emergency departments missing an opportunity to increase childhood immunisation rates? EMA - Emerg Med Australas. 2011;23:20.

 Google Scholar

Daley MF, Beaty BL, Barrow J, Pearson K, Crane LA, Berman S, Kempe A. Missed opportunities for influenza vaccination in children with chronic medical conditions. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Oct;159(10):986–91. PubMed PMID: 16203946; eng. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.10.986.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Oltean HN, Lofy KH, Goldoft MJ, DeBolt CA. Human papillomavirus vaccination in washington state: estimated coverage and missed opportunities, 2006-2013. Public Health Rep. 2016;131(3):474–82. doi:10.1177/003335491613100313.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shingler S, Hunter K, Graham D. Opportunities taken: the need for, and effectiveness of secondary care opportunistic immunisation. J Paediatr Child Health. 2011;47:22–23. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01885.x.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Verani JR, Irigoyen M, Chen S, Chimkin F. Influenza vaccine coverage and missed opportunities among inner-city children aged 6 to 23 months: 2000-2005. Pediatrics. 2007 Mar;119(3):e580–6. PubMed PMID: 17332178; eng. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1580.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Way AS, Durrheim DN, Vally H, Massey PD. Missed immunisation opportunities in emergency departments in northern New South Wales, Australia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012 Jan;48(1):66–70. PubMed PMID: 21988697; eng. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02188.x.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hosseini M, Ahmadi M, Dixon BE. A service oriented architecture approach to achieve interoperability between immunization information systems in Iran. AMIA Annu Symp proc/AMIA Symp AMIA Symp. 2014;2014:1797–805.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Rajamani S, Bieringer A, Muscoplat M. Characterizing the access of clinical decision support offered by immunization information system in minnesota. Online J Public Health Inform. 2015;7(3):e227. doi:10.5210/ojphi.v7i3.6282. PubMed PMID: 27252795; eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Stevens LA, Palma JP, Pandher KK, Longhurst CA. Immunization registries in the EMR Era. Online J Public Health Inform. 2013;5(2):211. doi:10.5210/ojphi.v5i2.4696. PubMed PMID: 23923096; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3733755. eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Swenson CJ, Appel A, Sheehan M, Hammer A, Fenner Z, Phibbs S, Harbrecht M, Main DS. Using information technology to improve adult immunization delivery in an integrated urban health system. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2012 Jan;38(1):15–23. PubMed PMID: 22324187; eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Ali H, Zwar N, Wild J. Improving childhood immunisation coverage rates–evaluation of a divisional program. Aust Fam Physician. 2009 Oct;38(10):833–35. PubMed PMID: 19893825; eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Brotherton JM, Murray SL, Hall MA, Andrewartha LK, Banks CA, Meijer D, Pitcher HC, Scully MM, Molchanoff L. Human papillomavirus vaccine coverage among female Australian adolescents: success of the school-based approach. Med J Aust. 2013 Nov 4;199(9):614–17. PubMed PMID: 24182228; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cates JR, Diehl SJ, Crandell JL, Coyne-Beasley T. Dissemination strategies to promote hpv vaccination among preteen boys: embracing the transition to adolescence through three-way conversations among provider, parent and preteen. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(2):S14–S5. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.274.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Clayton JL, Potter RC, Wells EV, Carlton CA, Boulton ML. Influenza vaccination of Michigan children by provider type, 2010-2011. Am J Prev Med. 2014 Jul;47(1):46–52. PubMed PMID: 24854780; eng. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.03.002.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ernst KC, Pogreba-Brown K, Rasmussen L, Erhart LM. The effect of policy changes on hepatitis A vaccine uptake in Arizona children, 1995-2008. Public Health Rep (Washington, DC: 1974). 2011 Jul-Aug;126(Suppl 2):87–96. doi:10.1177/00333549111260S211. PubMed PMID: 21812173; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3113434. eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Feiring B, Laake I, Molden T, Haberg SE, Nokleby H, Seterelv SS, Magnus P, Trogstad L. Do selective immunisation against tuberculosis and hepatitis B reach the targeted populations? A nationwide register-based study evaluating the recommendations in the Norwegian Childhood Immunisation Programme. Vaccine. 2016 Apr 12;34(17):2015–20. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.060. PubMed PMID: 26947498; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hull BP, Menzies R, Macartney K, McIntyre PB. Impact of the introduction of rotavirus vaccine on the timeliness of other scheduled vaccines: the Australian experience. Vaccine. 2013 Apr 8;31(15):1964–69. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.007. PubMed PMID: 23422140; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Humiston SG, Schaffer SJ, Szilagyi PG, Long CE, Chappel TR, Blumkin AK, Szydlowski J, Kolasa MS. Seasonal influenza vaccination at school: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46(1):1–9. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.021.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Isaac MR, Chartier M, Brownell M, Chateau D, Nickel NC, Martens P, Katz A, Sarkar J, Hu M, Burland E, et al. Can opportunities be enhanced for vaccinating children in home visiting programs? A population-based cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:620. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1926-8. PubMed PMID: 26149681; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4494701. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kansagra SM, Papadouka V, Geevarughese A, Hansen MA, Konty KJ, Zucker JR. Reaching children never previously vaccinated for influenza through a school-located vaccination program. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(1):e45–e9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302167.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kharbanda EO, Stockwell MS, Colgrove J, Natarajan K, Rickert VI. Changes in Tdap and MCV4 vaccine coverage following enactment of a statewide requirement of Tdap vaccination for entry into sixth grade. Am J Public Health. 2010 Sep;100(9):1635–40. PubMed PMID: 20634463; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2920954. eng. doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.179341.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Melinkovich P, Hammer A, Staudenmaier A, Berg M. Improving pediatric immunization rates in a safety-net delivery system. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2007 Apr;33(4):205–10. PubMed PMID: 17441558.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Moore AM, Burgess S, Shaw H, Banks C, Passaris I, Guest C. Achieving high immunisation rates amongst children in the Australian Capital Territory: a collaborative effort. Aust Health Rev. 2011 Feb;35(1):104–10. PubMed PMID: 21367341; eng. doi:10.1071/ah10769.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Moss JL, Gilkey MB, Griffith T, Bowling JM, Dayton AM, Grimshaw AH, Quinn B, Brewer NT. Organizational correlates of adolescent immunization: findings of a state-wide study of primary care clinics in North Carolina. Vaccine. 2013 Sep 13;31(40):4436–41. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.092. PubMed PMID: 23845803; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3798154. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Moss JL, Reiter PL, Dayton A, Brewer NT. Increasing adolescent immunization by webinar: a brief provider intervention at federally qualified health centers. Vaccine. 2012 Jul 13;30(33):4960–63. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.042. PubMed PMID: 22652406; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Potter RC, DeVita SF, Vranesich PA, Boulton ML. Adolescent immunization coverage and implementation of new school requirements in Michigan, 2010. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(8):1526–33. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301910.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rehn M, Uhnoo I, Kuhlmann-Berenzon S, Wallensten A, Sparen P, Netterlid E. Highest vaccine uptake after school-based delivery - a county-level evaluation of the implementation strategies for HPV catch-up vaccination in Sweden. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0149857. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149857. PubMed PMID: 26974977; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4790890. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Simpson JE, Hills RA, Allwes D, Rasmussen L. Uptake of meningococcal vaccine in Arizona schoolchildren after implementation of school-entry immunization requirements. Public Health Rep (Washington, DC: 1974). 2013 Jan-Feb;128(1):37–45. doi:10.1177/003335491312800106. PubMed PMID: 23277658; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3514719. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sull M, Eavey J, Papadouka V, Mandell R, Hansen MA, Zucker JR. Adolescent vaccine co-administration and coverage in New York City: 2007-2013. Pediatrics. 2014;134(6):e1576–e83. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3604.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Suryadevara M, Bonville CA, Ferraioli F, Domachowske JB. Community-centered education improves vaccination rates in children from low-income households. Pediatrics. 2013 Aug;132(2):319–25. PubMed PMID: 23837177; eng. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3927.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Teplow-Phipps R, Papadouka V, Benkel DH, Rosenthal S, Soren K, Stockwell M. Factors associated with early uptake and series completion of HPV vaccination in male and female adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2014;54(2):S12. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.040.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ward K, Dey A, Hull B, Quinn HE, Macartney K, Menzies R. Evaluation of Australia‘s varicella vaccination program for children and adolescents. Vaccine. 2013 Feb 27;31(10):1413–19. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.052. PubMed PMID: 23290837; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Alguacil-Ramos AM, Muelas-Tirado J, Garrigues-Pelufo TM, Portero-Alonso A, Diez-Domingo J, Pastor-Villalba E, Lluch-Rodrigo JA. Surveillance for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) for 7 years using a computerised vaccination system. Public Health. 2016 Jun;135:66–74. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.11.010. PubMed PMID: 26976484; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Arnheim-Dahlstrom L, Hallgren J, Weibull CE, Sparen P. Risk of presentation to hospital with epileptic seizures after vaccination with monovalent AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine (Pandemrix): self controlled case series study. Bmj. 2012;345:e7594. doi:10.1136/bmj.e7594. PubMed PMID: 23274350; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3532724. eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Baker MA, Nguyen M, Cole DV, Lee GM, Lieu TA. Post-licensure rapid immunization safety monitoring program (PRISM) data characterization. Vaccine. 2013 Dec 30;31(Suppl 10):K98–112. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.088. PubMed PMID: 24331080; eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Bakken IJ, Aaberg KM, Ghaderi S, Gunnes N, Trogstad L, Magnus P, Håberg SE. Febrile seizures after 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccination and infection: A nationwide registry-based study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1). doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1263-7.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Buttery JP, Danchin MH, Lee KJ, Carlin JB, McIntyre PB, Elliott EJ, Booy R, Bines JE. Intussusception following rotavirus vaccine administration: post-marketing surveillance in the National Immunization Program in Australia. Vaccine. 2011 Apr 5;29(16):3061–66. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.088. PubMed PMID: 21316503; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Carlin JB, Macartney KK, Lee KJ, Quinn HE, Buttery J, Lopert R, Bines J, McIntyre PB. Intussusception risk and disease prevention associated with rotavirus vaccines in Australia‘s National Immunization Program. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Nov;57(10):1427–34. PubMed PMID: 23964090; eng. doi:10.1093/cid/cit520.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Conlin AM, Bukowinski AT, Gumbs GR. Analysis of pregnancy and infant health outcomes among women in the National Smallpox Vaccine in Pregnancy Registry who received Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed. Vaccine. 2015 Aug 26;33(36):4387–90. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.054. PubMed PMID: 26049005; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

De Wals P, Deceuninck G, Ouakki M, Boulianne N, De Serres G, Danzig L. Analysis of mortality following a mass immunization campaign with serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccine: methodological difficulties and imperfect solutions. Vaccine. 2009 May 21;27(24):3223–27. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.055. PubMed PMID: 19446195; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dey A, Gidding HF, Menzies R, McIntyre P. General practice encounters following seasonal influenza vaccination as a proxy measure of early-onset adverse events. Vaccine. 2014 Apr 17;32(19):2204–08. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.044. PubMed PMID: 24613527; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gold M, Dugdale S, Woodman RJ, McCaul KA. Use of the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register for vaccine safety data linkage. Vaccine. 2010 Jun 11;28(26):4308–11. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.021. PubMed PMID: 20430123; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Håberg SE, Trogstad L, Gunnes N, Gjessing HK, Samuelsen SO, Cappelen I, Engeland A, Aavitsland P, Madsen S, Buajordet I, et al. The 2009 influenza pandemic, vaccination during pregnancy and fetal death: A national registry-based study in Norway. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012;21:382.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Heier MS, Gautvik K, Wannag E, Bronder KH, Midtlyng E, Kamaleri Y, Storsæther J. Narcolepsy in Norwegian children and adolescents after Pandemrix‘ vaccination. J Sleep Res. 2012;21:30.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hu Y, Li Q, Lin L, Chen E, Chen Y, Qi X. Surveillance for adverse events following immunization from 2008 to 2011 in Zhejiang Province, China. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013 Feb;20(2):211–17. PubMed PMID: 23239804; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3571262. eng. doi:10.1128/cvi.00541-12.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kiraly N, Koplin JJ, Crawford NW, Bannister S, Flanagan KL, Holt PG, Gurrin LC, Lowe AJ, Tang ML, Wake M, et al. Timing of routine infant vaccinations and risk of food allergy and eczema at one year of age. Allergy. 2016 Apr;71(4):541–49. doi:10.1111/all.12830. PubMed PMID: 26707796; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Liang XF, Li L, Liu DW, Li KL, Wu WD, Zhu BP, Wang HQ, Luo HM, Cao LS, Zheng JS, et al. Safety of influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in postmarketing surveillance in China. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(7):638–47. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1008553.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Liu XC, Bell CA, Simmonds KA, Svenson LW, Russell ML. Adverse events following HPV vaccination, Alberta 2006-2014. Vaccine. 2016 Apr 4;34(15):1800–05. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.040. PubMed PMID: 26921782; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lloyd-Johnsen C, Justice F, Donath S, Bines JE. Retrospective hospital based surveillance of intussusception in children in a sentinel paediatric hospital: benefits and pitfalls for use in post-marketing surveillance of rotavirus vaccines. Vaccine. 2012 Apr 27;30(Suppl 1):A190–5. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.015. PubMed PMID: 22520131; eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Macartney KK, Gidding HF, Trinh L, Wang H, McRae J, Crawford N, Gold M, Kynaston A, Blyth C, Yvonne Z, et al. Febrile seizures following measles and varicella vaccines in young children in Australia. Vaccine. 2015;33(11):1412–17. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.071.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Persson I, Granath F, Askling J, Ludvigsson JF, Olsson T, Feltelius N. Risks of neurological and immune-related diseases, including narcolepsy, after vaccination with Pandemrix: A population- and registry-based cohort study with over 2 years of follow-up. J Intern Med. 2014;275(2):172–90. doi:10.1111/joim.12150.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rouleau I, De Serres G, Skowronski DM, Drolet JP, Lemire C, Toth E, Landry M. Risk factors associated with anaphylaxis and other allergic-like events following receipt of 2009 monovalent AS03-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine in Quebec, Canada. Vaccine. 2014;32(28):3480–87. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.059.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rousseau MC, El-Zein M, Conus F, Legault L, Parent ME. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination in infancy and risk of childhood diabetes. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2016;30(2):141–48. doi:10.1111/ppe.12263.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Schurink-van ‘T Klooster TM, De Ridder MAJ, Kemmeren JM, Van Der Lei J, Dekker F, Sturkenboom M, De Melker HE. Determination of a possible association between human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and migraine. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014;23:151.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stehr-Green P, Galloway Y, Kieft C, McNicholas A. The risk of bronchiolitis hospitalisation following administration of a group B meningococcal vaccine in New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2007;120(1263):U2746. PubMed PMID: 17972966; eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Van der Maas N, Wesselo C, Phaff T, Vermeer-de Bondt P, Oostvogels B. Adverse events following bivalent human papillomavirus vaccination reported to the enhanced passive surveillance system of the Netherlands. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19:S324.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Robison SG. Addressing immunization registry population inflation in adolescent immunization rates. Public Health Rep. 2015;130(2):161–66. doi:10.1177/003335491513000209.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wilson K, Atkinson KM, Deeks SL, Crowcroft NS. Improving vaccine registries through mobile technologies: A vision for mobile enhanced Immunization information systems. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2016;23(1):207–11. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocv055.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Charland KM, de Montigny L, Brownstein JS, Buckeridge DL. Clinic accessibility and clinic-level predictors of the geographic variation in 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine coverage in Montreal, Canada. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2014;8(3):317–28. doi:10.1111/irv.12227.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fu LY, Cowan N, McLaren R, Engstrom R, Teach SJ. Spatial accessibility to providers and vaccination compliance among children with medicaid. Pediatrics. 2009 Dec;124(6):1579–86. PubMed PMID: 19933734; eng. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0233.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hull BP, Deeks S, Menzies R, McIntyre PB. What do we know about 7vPCV coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children? A 2007 update. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2008 Jun;32(2):257–60. PubMed PMID: 18767426; eng.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hull BP, McIntyre PB. Timeliness of childhood immunisation in Australia. Vaccine. 2006 May 15;24(20):4403–08. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.049. PubMed PMID: 16569467; eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Barbaro B, Brotherton JM. Assessing HPV vaccine coverage in Australia by geography and socioeconomic status: are we protecting those most at risk? Aust N Z J Public Health. 2014;38(5):419–23. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12218.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Brien S, Kwong JC, Charland KM, Verma AD, Brownstein JS, Buckeridge DL. Neighborhood determinants of 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza vaccination in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Nov 15;176(10):897–908. doi:10.1093/aje/kws154. PubMed PMID: 23077284; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3662406. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Eccles KM, Bertazzon S. Applications of geographic information systems in public health: A geospatial approach to analyzing MMR immunization uptake in Alberta. Can J Public Health = Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2015 Sep-Oct;106(6):e355–61. PubMed PMID: 26680425; eng. doi:10.17269/cjph.106.4981.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mueller S, Exeter DJ, Petousis-Harris H, Turner N, O‘Sullivan D, Buck CD. Measuring disparities in immunisation coverage among children in New Zealand. Health Place. 2012 Nov;18(6):1217–23. PubMed PMID: 23000894; eng. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.08.003.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Teng JE, Thomson DR, Lascher JS, Raymond M, Ivers LC. Using Mobile Health (mHealth) and geospatial mapping technology in a mass campaign for reactive oral cholera vaccination in rural Haiti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(7):e3050. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003050. PubMed PMID: 25078790; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4117440.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Thompson KM, Logan GE. Characterization of heterogeneity in childhood immunization coverage in central florida using immunization registry data. Risk Anal. 2015 May 29. doi:10.1111/risa.12424. PubMed PMID: 26033542; Eng.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Trogdon JG, Ahn T. Geospatial patterns in human papillomavirus vaccination uptake: evidence from uninsured and publicly insured children in North Carolina. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015;24(3):595–602. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-1231.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Trogdon JG, Ahn T. Geospatial patterns in influenza vaccination: evidence from uninsured and publicly insured children in North Carolina. Am J Infect Control. 2015 Mar 1;43(3):234–40. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2014.11.022. PubMed PMID: 25637432.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wagner AL, Sun X, Montgomery JP, Huang Z, Boulton ML. The impact of residency and urbanicity on Haemophilus influenzae Type b and pneumococcal immunization in Shanghai Children: a Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97800. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097800. PubMed PMID: 24828814; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4020859. eng.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar