Poliovirus antibody levels and lameness among individuals in three regions of Ghana

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of polio antibodies that neutralized the three polioviruses with respect to sex and place.

	Female			Male
Polio serotypes	Northern Region n = 42 x % CI (%)	Ashanti Region n = 61 x % CI (%)	Greater Accra Region n = 50 x % CI (%)	Northern Region n = 43 x % CI (%)	Ashanti Region n = 62 x % CI (%)	Greater Accra Region n = 49 x % CI (%)
PV1	39 92.86 (79.77–97.72)	50 81.97 (70.13–89.80)	38 76.00 (62.12–85.95)	39 90.70 (77.42–96.52)	52 83.88 (72.39–91.16)	46 93.88 (82.42–98.04)
PV2	35 83.33 (68.67–91.94)	52 85.25 (73.84–92.20)	38 76.00 (62.12–85.95)	35 81.40 (66.72–90.52)	53 85.48 (74.23–92.33)	45 91.83 (79.95–96.95)
PV3	32 76.19 (60.86–86.81)	43 70.49 (57.78–80.66)	54 68.00 (53.77–79.52)	34 79.07 (64.17–88.85)	52 83.87 (72.39–91.16)	35 71.42 (57.14–82.42)

X = numerator

Figure 1. Map of Ghana showing the study sites.

Figure 2. Seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies per serotype among respondents in the three regions, by age group, 2016.

Figure 3. Seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies among respondents in the three regions by place, 2016.

Table 2. Distribution of respondents’ median neutralizing poliovirus antibody titres.

	PV1		PV2		PV3
	Titre (95% CI)	p-value	Titre (95%CI)	p-value	Titre (95% CI)	p-value
Gender
Male	4.2871 (3.341–5.499)		2.8367 (2.221–3.622)		1.3493 (1.098–1.657)
Female	2.864 (2.337–3.510)	0.0514**^ⱡ	2.265 (1.828–2.807)	0.2937	0.9582 (0.809–1.134)	0.0254**
Age group
< 1 year	4.629 (3.199–6.698)		4.7911 (3.282–6.994)		1.6055 (1.515–2.2379)
1–4 years	6.796 (4.847–9.52)		3.243 (2.34–4.493)		1.1300 (0.8664–1.4738)
5–14 years	2.504 (1.958–3.201)	0.0001**^ǂ	2.1734 (1.651–2.860)	0.0001**	0.993 (0.772–1.279)	0.1995
15–70 years	1.910 (1.471–2.479)		1.222 (0.962–1.552)		0.927 (0.754–1.140)
Residence
Northern	3.275 (2.485–4.317)		1.605 (1.270–2.027)		1.226 (0.957–1.571)
Ashanti	3.118 (2.411–4.031)	0.2823	3.366 (2.539–4.462)	0.0046**^ǂ	1.009 (0.831–1.226)	0.4151
Greater Accra	4.301 (3.155–5.865)		2.642 (1.975–3.534)		1.237 (0.947–1.616)

Median neutralizing polio antibody titre; ⱡ is p-value estimate from Wilcoxon rank sum test; ǂ is p-value estimate from Kruskal Wallis. Titre listed in the table were transformed by log2.

Table 3. Association between age and mean titres of the neutralizing polio antibodies of the three polio serotypes.

Polio serotype	Spearman Rank correlation (rho)	p-Value
PV1	−0.2617	< 0.001
PV2	−0.3100	< 0.001
PV3	−0.1099	0.0545

Table 4. Risk factors for low seroprevalence of PV1 antibodies among respondents.

Variable	Seronegative (%) n = 43	Seropositive (%) n = 264	cOR (95% CI)	p-value	aOR (95% CI)	p-value
Mothers schooling status
Attendant	21(48.8)	182(68.9)	1.0		1.0
Non attendant	22(51.2)	82(31.1)	2.3(1.2–4.5)	<0.011*	3.9(1.59–9.48)	<0.003*
Age group
<1	14(32.6)	63(23.9)	1.0		1.0
1–4	3(6.9)	74(28.0)	0.18 (0.05 − 0.67)		0.29 (0.07–1.08)
5–14	11(25.6)	65(65.6)	0.76 (0.32–1.80)		1.8 (0.6–5.3)
15–70	15(34.9)	62(23.5)	1.1 (0.49–2.44)	0.0466*	2.6 (0.93–7.6)	0.0148*
Sex
Female	26(60.5)	127(48.1)	1.0		1.0
Male	17(39.5)	137(51.9)	1.5(0.9–2.4)	0.14	1.2(0.6–2.6)	0.48

Non-Attendant mother = A mother who has no formal education. aOR adjusted for sex and age

Table 5. prevalence of paralytic poliomyelitis with residual paralysis estimated by school (primary, 1–15 years old) lameness surveys in Northern, Ashanti and Greater Accra regions of Ghana, 2016.

Region	No of children	Residual Paralysis
		Number of cases	Prevalence/1000 children
Northern
Urban (Tamale Metro)	4695	7	1.40
Rural (Savelugu-Nanton)	2803	5	1.78
Ashanti
Urban (Kumasi metro)	13848	3	0.22
Rural (Bosomtwe)	744	3	4.0
Greater Accra
Urban(Accra Metro)	11760	1	0.08
Rural (Shai Osu Doku)	367	1	2.72
Total	34217	20	0.58

Figure 4. poliomyelitis with residual paralysis cases estimated by school lameness surveys by date of onset of symptoms in Northern, Ashanti and Greater Accra regions of Ghana, 2016.