Validation study of the Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines (PACV) questionnaire: the Malay version

Figures & data

Figure 1. Overview of the conduct of the study

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of respondents (parents)

		Study sample N = 151	Percentage (%)
Age group	18 – 29 years	64	42.4
	≥ 30 years	87	57.6
Relationship to child	Mother	133	88.1
	Father	18	11.9
	Others	0	0
Firstborn child	Yes	84	55.6
	No	67	44.4
Number of children	One	74	49.0
	Two	36	23.8
	Three	30	19.9
	Four or more	11	7.3
Ethnicity	Malay	134	88.7
	Chinese	5	3.3
	Indian	9	6.0
	Others	3	2.0
Religion	Islam	135	89.4
	Christian	2	1.3
	Buddha	5	3.3
	Hindu	9	6.0
	Others	0	0
Personal status	Single	3	2.0
	Married	147	97.4
	Living with a partner	0	0
	Widowed	0	0
	Separated	0	0
	Divorced	1	0.7
Highest formal education	No formal education	0	0
	Primary School	2	1.3
	Secondary School	36	23.8
	Certificate/Diploma/STPM	54	35.8
	Degree	58	38.4
	Postgraduate	1	0.7
Household income (per month)	≤ RM 580	0	0
	RM 581 – RM 940	4	2.6
	RM 941 – RM 3000	57	37.7
	RM 3001 – RM 10,000	78	51.7
	≥ RM 10,001	10	6.6
Vaccination record	Up to age	117	77.5
	Missed vaccinations	0	0
	Missing data	34	22.5

Figure 2. Scree plot of the PACV-M-H (3)

Table 2. Items, factor loadings, domains and labeling of the PACV-M-H (3)

Coding	Items	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3
		General attitudes	Safety and efficacy	Schedule and immunity
Q5	How sure are you that following the recommended shot schedule is a good idea for your child?	0.657
Q13	If you had another infant today, would you want him/her to get all the recommended shots?	0.562
Q14	Overall, how hesitant about childhood shots would you consider yourself to be?	0.499
Q15	I trust the information I receive about shots.	0.531
Q16	I am able to openly discuss my concerns about shots with my child’s doctor.	0.481
Q17	All things considered, how much do you trust your child’s doctor?	0.835
Q10	How concerned are you that your child might have a serious side effect from a shot?		0.733
Q11	How concerned are you that any one of the childhood shots might not be safe?		0.938
Q12	How concerned are you that a shot might not prevent the disease?		0.671
Q6	Children get more shots than are good for them.			0.330
Q8	It is better for my child to develop immunity by getting sick than to get a shot.			0.905
Q9	It is better for children to get fewer vaccines at the same time.			0.355

Table 3. Cronbach alpha for each domain and the total Cronbach alpha of the PACV-Malay

Factor domain	Items	Cronbach alpha for each domain	Total Cronbach alpha
General attitudes	Q5 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17	0.77	0.77
Safety and efficacy	Q10 Q11 Q12	0.81
Schedule and immunity	Q6 Q8 Q9	0.54

Table

No	Items	Parent Response	Factor Domain	Scoring
Q1	Is this child your first born?	Yes No	Not applicable	Not applicable
Q2	What is your relationship to this child?	Mother Father Other:__________	Not applicable	Not applicable
Q3	Have you ever delayed having your child get a shot for reasons other than illness or allergy?	Yes No Don’t know	Behavior	Yes = 2 No = 0 Don’t know = Excluded
Q4	Have you ever decided not to have your child get a shot for reasons other than illness or allergy?	Yes No Don’t know	Behavior	Yes = 2 No = 0 Don’t know = Excluded
Q5	How sure are you that following the recommended shot schedule is a good idea for your child?	Response category on a 0–10 scale, with 0 being ‘notat all sure’ and 10 being ‘completely sure’	General Attitudes	0 – 5 = 2 6 – 7 = 1 8 – 10 = 0
Q6	Children get more shots than are good for them.	5 point Likert scale 1 = Strongly agree 2 = Agree 3 = Not sure 4 = Disagree 5 = Strongly disagree	General Attitudes	1 – 2 = 2 3 = 1 4 – 5 = 0
Q7	I believe that many of the illnesses that shots prevent are severe.	5 point Likert scale 1 = Strongly agree 2 = Agree 3 = Not sure 4 = Disagree 5 = Strongly disagree	General Attitudes		1 – 2 = 0 3 = 1 4 – 5 = 2
Q8	It is better for my child to develop immunity by getting sick than to get a shot.	5 point Likert scale 1 = Strongly agree 2 = Agree 3 = Not sure 4 = Disagree 5 = Strongly disagree	General Attitudes		1 – 2 = 2 3 = 1 4 – 5 = 0
Q9	It is better for children to get fewer vaccines at the same time.	5 point Likert scale 1 = Strongly agree 2 = Agree 3 = Not sure 4 = Disagree 5 = Strongly disagree	Safety and Efficacy		1 – 2 = 2 3 = 1 4 – 5 = 0
Q10	How concerned are you that your child might have a serious side effect from a shot?	5 point Likert scale 1 = Not at all concerned 2 = Not too concerned 3 = Not sure 4 = Somewhat concerned 5 = Very concerned	Safety and Efficacy		1 – 2 = 0 3 = 1 4 – 5 = 2
Q11	How concerned are you that any one of the childhood shots might not be safe?	5 point Likert scale 1 = Not at all concerned 2 = Not too concerned 3 = Not sure 4 = Somewhat concerned 5 = Very concerned	Safety and Efficacy		1 – 2 = 0 3 = 1 4 – 5 = 2
Q12	How concerned are you that a shot might not prevent the disease?	5 point Likert scale 1 = Not at all concerned 2 = Not too concerned 3 = Not sure 4 = Somewhat concerned 5 = Very concerned	Safety and Efficacy		1 – 2 = 0 3 = 1 4 – 5 = 2
Q13	If you had another infant today, would you want him/her to get all the recommended shots?	Yes No Don’t know	General Attitudes		Yes = 0 No = 2 Don’t know = 1
Q14	Overall, how hesitant about childhood shots would you consider yourself to be?	5 point Likert scale 1 = Not at all hesitant 2 = Not too hesitant 3 = Not sure 4 = Somewhat hesitant 5 = Very hesitant	General Attitudes		1 – 2 = 0 3 = 1 4 – 5 = 2
Q15	I trust the information I receive about shots.	5 point Likert scale 1 = Strongly agree 2 = Agree 3 = Not sure 4 = Disagree 5 = Strongly disagree	General Attitudes		1 – 2 = 0 3 = 1 4 – 5 = 2
Q16	I am able to openly discuss my concerns about shots with my child’s doctor.	5 point Likert scale 1 = Strongly agree 2 = Agree 3 = Not sure 4 = Disagree 5 = Strongly disagree	General Attitudes		1 – 2 = 0 3 = 1 4 – 5 = 2
Q17	All things considered, how much do you trust your child’s doctor?	Response category on a 0–10 scale, with 0 being ‘do not trust at all’ and 10 being ‘completely trust’	General Attitudes		0 – 5 = 2 6 – 7 = 1 8 – 10 = 0

Table

Item number	Items	N (%)
		Strongly agree	Agree	Not sure	Disagree	Strongly disagree
Q6	Children get more shots than are good for them.	13 (8.6)	38 (25.2)	49 (32.5)	43 (28.5)	8 (5.3)
Q7	I believe that many of the illnesses that shots prevent are severe.	38 (25.2)	95 (62.9)	15 (9.9)	3 (2.0)	0
Q8	It is better for my child to develop immunity by getting sick than to get a shot.	8 (5.3)	20 (13.2)	27 (17.9)	69 (45.7)	27 (17.9)
Q9	It is better for children to get fewer vaccines at the same time.	2 (1.3)	30 (19.9)	65 (43.0)	43 (28.5)	11 (7.3)
Q15	I trust the information I receive about shots.	45 (29.8)	97 (64.2)	9 (6.0)	0	0
Q16	I am able to openly discuss my concerns about shots with my child’s doctor.	50 (33.1)	94 (62.3)	4 (2.6)	3 (2.0)	0
		Not at all concerned	Not too concerned	Not sure	Somewhat concerned	Very concerned
Q10	How concerned are you that your child might have a serious side effect from a shot?	14 (9.3)	57 (37.7)	22 (14.6)	41 (27.2)	17 (11.3)
Q11	How concerned are you that any one of the childhood shots might not be safe?	16 (10.6)	41 (27.2)	47 (31.1)	34 (22.5)	13 (8.6)
Q12	How concerned are you that a shot might not prevent the disease?	20 (13.2)	40 (26.5)	38 (25.2)	36 (23.8)	17 (11.3)
		Not at all hesitant	Not too hesitant	Not sure	Somewhat hesitant	Very hesitant
Q14	Overall, how hesitant about childhood shots would you consider yourself to be?	60 (39.7)	60 (39.7)	21 (13.9)	10 (6.6)	0