Association between access to a health facility and continuum of vaccination behaviors among Nigerian children

Figures & data

Figure 1. Vaccination rate

Panel A: Vaccination rate by type of vaccine. Panel B: Vaccine Take-up and Dropout of DPT vaccine series. Panel C: Vaccine Take-up and Dropout of Polio vaccine series. Note: The sample is 27,478 children aged between 0 and 5 years old.

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of sample (n = 21,369)

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	N	Mean	Std. Dev.
Mother’s characteristics
Age		29.92	6.90
Education attainment
No education	9,716	45.5%
Primary	4,463	20.9%
Secondary	5,787	27.1%
Higher than secondary	1403	6.6%
Religion
Muslim	12,148	56.8%
Non-Muslim	9,221	43.0%
Marital status
Married	19,758	92.4%
Single	1,611	7.6%
Household members
Number of household members		7.11	3.54
Number of children under 5		2.24	1.18
Wealth index
Poorest	4,592	21.5%
Poorer	4,774	22.3%
Middle	4,288	20.1%
Richer	4,108	19.2%
Richest	3,607	16.9%
Region of residence
Urban	7347	34.3%
Rural	14022	65.7%
Children’s characteristics
Age (months)		34.41	13.93
Birth oOrder		3.90	2.54
Gender of children
Girl	10,588	49.8%
Boy	10,781	50.2%
Distance to nearest health facility		2.05	2.53

Notes: The sample is 21,369 children aged 12 to 59 months.

Table 2. Results of logistic regression for effect of distance on vaccine take-up

	OR [95% CI]
	Ever vaccinated	Polio 0	BCG	DPT1	Polio 1	DPT2	Polio 2	DPT3	Polio 3	Measles
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Distance (km)	0.952**	0.935**	0.911**	0.929**	0.954**	0.913**	0.946**	0.912**	0.947**	0.918**
	[0.935, 0.969]	[0.914, 0.957]	[0.890, 0.933]	[0.909, 0.951]	[0.937, 0.971]	[0.890, 0.935]	[0.929, 0.964]	[0.888, 0.936]	[0.930, 0.965]	[0.896, 0.939]
N	21236	21369	21236	21331	21331	21331	21369	21369	21369	21331
Cluster FE	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X

Notes: The sample is 21,369 children aged 12 to 59 months. The main independent variable is the distance to the nearest health facility (km). The covariates include mothers’ characteristics; age, education, religion, marital status, household characteristics; number of household members, number of children under 5, wealth index, and children’s characteristics; age, gender, birth order. Strata (state + type of residence: urban/rural) fixed effect is controlled for. ** significant at 5%.

Table 3. Results of logistic regression for effect of distance on vaccine dropout

	OR [95% CI]
	DPT 1–2	DPT 2–3	DPT 1–3	Polio 1–2	Polio 2–3	Polio 1–3
Dropout	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Distance (km)	1.007	0.967**	0.985	1.018	0.986	0.996
	[0.977, 1.037]	[0.936, 0.999]	[0.963, 1.008]	[0.988, 1.049]	[0.964, 1.009]	[0.977, 1.015]
N	20496	20633	20633	21152	21369	21369

Notes: The sample is 21,369 children aged 12 to 59 months. The covariates include mothers’ characteristics; age, education, religion, marital status, household characteristics; number of household members, number of children under 5, wealth index, and children’s characteristics; age, gender, birth order. Strata (state + type of residence: urban/rural) fixed effect is controlled for. ** significant at 5%.

Table 4. Results of negative binominal regression for effect of distance on timing of vaccination

	Polio0	BCG	DPT1	Polio1	DPT2	Polio2	DPT3	Polio3	Measles
Months since Birth:	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Distance (km)	0.043*	0.036	0.025	0.043**	0.018	0.027*	0.019	0.017	0.018**
	(0.025)	(0.025)	(0.018)	(0.017)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.013)	(0.016)	(0.009)
N	4112	4398	4377	4194	4092	3919	3704	3550	3495
r2	0.044	0.040	0.038	0.043	0.046	0.052	0.049	0.050	0.085
coefficient (in days)	31.318	31.100	30.759	31.318	30.545	30.821	30.575	30.514	30.545

Notes: The sample is children aged 12 to 59 months who received each vaccine with the valid vaccination record (date of vaccination). The main independent variable is the distance to the nearest health facility (km). The covariates include mothers’ characteristics; age, education, religion, marital status, household characteristics; number of household members, number of children under 5, wealth index, and children’s characteristics; age, gender, birth order. Strata (state + type of residence: urban/rural) fixed effect is controlled for. * significant at 10% ** significant at 5%.