Increasing Frequency of Antenatal Care Visits May Improve Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination Coverage in Pregnant Women in Pakistan

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of study participants (mean ± SD or n (%)).

Characteristic	Category/Unit	Pregnant women
		n = 80
Age	Years	26 ± 4
Income	$/month	183 ± 157
Education	No education	45 (56.3%)
	Primary education	30 (37.5%)
	High school or more	5 (6.3%)
Occupation	Housewife	78 (97.5%)
	Working	2 (2.5%)
Marital status	Married	80 (100.0%)
Family type	Single family	21 (26.3%)
	Joint family	59 (73.8%)
Previous miscarriages	Yes	27 (33.8%)
Antenatal visits	No antenatal visit	13 (16.3%)
	1 antenatal visit	14 (17.5%)
	2 antenatal visits	35 (43.8%)
	3–4 antenatal visits	18 (22.4%)

Table 2. Association of education level, antenatal visits, and income with vaccination status (odds ratio for the relative increase in odds of being vaccinated).

Variable	Number of correctly vaccinated/not correctly vaccinated	Odds ratio	95% CI	p-value
Education level
At least primary education	28/7	0.98	0.83–1.16	0.803
No education	35/10	1^a
Antenatal visits
3–4 antenatal visits	17/1	1.61	1.32–1.97	<0.001
2 antenatal visits	33/2	1.60	1.34–1.92	<0.001
1 antenatal visit	6/8	0.92	0.74–1.14	0.451
No antenatal visit	7/6	1^a
Income
Middle level	6/1	1.02	0.76–1.36	0.896
Low income	57/16	1^a

Dependent Variable: Vaccination status (two TT vaccinations during pregnancy or regular TT vaccination), analysis adjusted for age.

^aReference category.