Impact of COVID-19 on vaccination programs: adverse or positive?

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of WHO’s recommended routine immunizations for children^45.

				Interval Between Doses
Antigen		Age of 1st Dose	Doses in Primary Series	1^st to 2^nd	2^nd to 3^rd	3^rd to 4^th	Booster Dose	Considerations (see footnotes for details)
Recommendations for all children
BCG		As soon as possible after birth	1					Birth dose and HIV; Universal vs selective vaccination; Co-administration; Vaccination of older age groups; Pregnancy
Hepatitis B	Option 1	As soon as possible after birth (<24 h)	3	4 weeks (min) with DTPCV1	4 weeks (min) with DTPCV2			Premature and low birth weight Co-administration and combination vaccine High risk groups
	Option 2	As soon as possible after birth (<24 h)	4	4 weeks (min) with DTPCV1	4 weeks (min) with DTPCV2	4 weeks (min), with DTPCV3
Polio	bOPV + IPV	6 weeks (see footnote for birth dose)	4 (IPV dose to be given with bOPV dose from 14 weeks)	4 weeks (min) with DTPCV2	4 weeks (min) with DTPCV3			bOPV birth dose Transmission and importation risk criteria
	IPV/bOPV Sequentia	8 weeks (IPV 1^st*)	1–2 IPV 2 bOPV	4–8 weeks	4–8 weeks	4–8 weeks
	IPV	8 weeks	3	4–8 weeks	4–8 weeks	See footnote
DTP-containing vaccine		6 weeks (min)	3	4 weeks (min) – 8 week	4 weeks (min) – 8 week	3 Boosters 12–23 months (DTP containing vaccine); 4–7 years (Td/DT containing vaccine), see footnotes; and 9–15 yrs (Td)		Delayed/interrupted schedule Combination vaccine; Maternal immunization
Haemophilus influenzae type b	Option 1	6 weeks (min) 59 months (max)	3	4 weeks (min) with DTPCV2	4 weeks (min) with DTPCV3	(see footnote)		Single dose if >12 months of age Not recommended for children > 5 yrs Delayed/interrupted schedule Co-administration and combination vaccine
	Option 2		2–3	8 weeks (min) if only 2 doses 4 weeks (min) if 3 doses	4 weeks (min) if 3 doses	At least 6 months (min) after last dose
Pneumococcal (Conjugate)	Option 1 3p+0	6 weeks (min)	3	4 weeks (min)	4 weeks			Schedule options Vaccine options HIV+ and preterm neonate booster
	Option 2 2p+1	6 weeks (min)	2	8 weeks (min)			9–18 months
Rotavirus		6 weeks (min) with DTP1	2 or 3 depending on product	4 weeks (min) with DTPCV2	For three dose series – 4 week (min) with DTPCV3			Vaccine Options Not recommended if >24 months old
Measles		9 or 12 months (6 months min, see footnote)	2	4 weeks (min) (see footnote)				Combination vaccine; HIV early vaccination; Pregnancy
Rubella		9 or 12 months with measles containing vaccine	1					Achieve and sustain 80% coverage Co-administration and combination vaccine; Pregnancy
HPV		As soon as possible from 9 years of age (females only)	2	6 months (min 5 months)				Target 9–14-year-old girls; Multi-age cohort vaccination; Pregnancy Older age ≥ 15 years 3 doses HIV and immunocompromised

Table 2. Summary of WHO’s recommended routine immunizations for children.^45.

				Interval Between Doses
Antigen		Age of 1st Dose	Doses in Primary Series	1^st to 2^nd	2^nd to 3^rd	3^rd to 4^th	Booster Dose	Considerations (see footnotes for details)
Recommendations for children residing in certain regions
Japanese Encephalitis	Inactivated Vero cell-derived	6 months	2 generally	4 weeks (generally)				Vaccine options and manufacturer’s recommendations; Pregnancy; Immunocompromised
	Live Attenuated	8 months	1
	Live Recombinant	9 months	1
Yellow Fever		9–12 months with measles containing vaccine	1
Tick-Borne Encephalitis		≥ 1 yr FSME-Immun and Encepur ≥ 3 yrs TBE_Moscow and EnceVir	3	1–3 months FSME-Immun and Encepur 1–7 months TBE-Moscow and EnceVir	5–12 months FSME-Immun and Encepur 12 months TBE-Moscow and EnceVir		At least 1 every 3 years (see notes)	Definition of high-risk Vaccine options Timing of booster
Recommendations for children in some high-risk populations
Typhoid	TCV (Typbar)	>6 months	1					Definition High Risk; Vaccine options
	Vi PS	2 years (min)	1				Every 3 years	Definition of high risk
	Ty21a	Capsules 5 years (min) (see footnote)	3 or 4 (see footnote)	1 day	1 day	I day	Every 3–7 years	Definition of high risk
Cholera	Dukoral (WCrBS)	2 years (min)	3 (2–5 years) 2 (≥6 years)	≥ 7 days (min) < 6 weeks (ma	≥ 7 days (min) < 6 weeks (max)		Every 6 months Every 2 years	Minimum age Definition of high risk
	Shanchol, Defnition of high risk Euvchol and mORCVAX	1 year (min)	2	14 days			After 2 years
Meningococcal	MenA conjugate	9–18 months (5 µg)	1					Definition of high risk; Vaccine options; 2 doses if < 9 months with 8-week interval
	MenC conjugate	2–11 months	2	8 weeks			After 1 year	Definition of high risk; Vaccine options
		≥12 months	1
	Quadrivalent conjugate	9–23 months	2	12 weeks				Definition of high risk; Vaccine options
		≥2 years	1
Hepatitis A		1 year	At least 1					Level of endemicity; Vaccine options; Definition of high risk group
Rabies		As required	2	7 days			(see footnote)	PrEP vs PEP; Definition of high risk
Dengue (CYD-TDV)		9 years (min)	3	6 months	6 months			Pre-vaccination screening
Recommendations for children receiving vaccinations from immunization programmes with certain characteristics
Mumps		12–18 months with measles containing vaccine	2	1 month (min) to school entry				Coverage criteria > 80%; Combination vaccine
Seasonal influenza (inactivated tri- and qudri-valent)		6 months (min)	1 (≥ 9 years) 2 (<9 years)	4 weeks			Revaccinate annually: 1 dose only (see footnotes)	Priority risk groups, especially pregnant women Lower dosage for children 6–35 month
Varicella		12–18 months	1–2	4 weeks to 3 months per manufacturer recommendations				Achieve & sustain ≥ 80% coverage Pregnancy Co-admin with other live vaccines

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5

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