Recent advances in therapeutic modalities and vaccines to counter COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2

Figures & data

Figure 1. A comparative illustration of healthy and infected alveolus due to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The Figure was created with “BioRender.com” template and exported under the terms of premium subscription

Figure 2. A stepwise illustration of COVID-19 serologic diagnostic test through antibody detection. The Figure was created with “BioRender.com” template and exported under the terms of premium subscription

Table 1. Overview of vaccine production platforms and vaccine candidates for various Coronaviruses

Vaccine platform	Vaccine candidate	Target antigen	Animal model	PMID	PMCID	References
Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-based vaccine	PIV5/MERS-S	S protein	Yes – Specific-pathogen-free 6-week-old C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice	32265331	PMC7157776	Li et al.^Citation31
Vector vaccine	Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine	S protein	No	32325037	PMC7172913	Koch et al.^Citation48
Recombinant	VSVΔG-MERS	S protein	Yes – eight 2-year old male rhesus monkeys	29246504	PMC7113862	Liu et al.^Citation49
DNA vaccine, Recombinant	pcDNA3.1-S	S protein	Six-to eight-week-old specific pathogen-free female BALB/c mice	28314561	PMC5411280	Chi et al.^Citation50
DNA vaccine, Recombinant	pcDNA3.1-SΔCD	S protein	Six-to eight-week-old specific pathogen-free female BALB/c mice	28314561	PMC5411280	Chi et al.^Citation50
DNA vaccine, Recombinant	pcDNA3.1-S1	S protein	Six-to eight-week-old specific pathogen-free female BALB/c mice	28314561	PMC5411280	Chi et al.^Citation50
DNA vaccine live-attenuated S. typhimurium	pcDNA-N	N protein	Yes – Eight-week-old female BALB/c mice	19186202	PMC7115532	Hu et al.^Citation51
DNA vaccine	pcDNA-S	S protein	Yes – Six- to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice	17494640	PMC1951058	Hu et al.^Citation52
DNA vaccine	pcDNA-IL-2	S protein	Yes – Six- to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice	17494640	PMC1951058	Hu et al.^Citation52
DNA vaccine	pcDNA-S + pcDNA-IL-2	S protein	Yes – Six- to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice	17494640	PMC1951058	Hu et al.^Citation52
DNA vaccine	pcDNA3.1	S protein	Yes – Six- to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice	17494640	PMC1951058	Hu et al.^Citation52
DNA vaccine	PBS	S protein	Yes – Six- to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice	17494640	PMC1951058	Hu et al.^Citation52
DNA vaccine	CS022	S protein	Yes – Six- to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice	17494640	PMC1951058	Hu et al.^Citation52
DNA vaccine	N protein DNA vaccine	N protein	Yes – Female Balb/c mice	16423399	PMC7112551	Shi et al.^Citation53
DNA vaccine	M protein DNA vaccine	M protein	Yes – Female Balb/c mice	16423399	PMC7112551	Shi et al.^Citation53
DNA vaccine	N + M protein DNA vaccine	N, M proteins	Yes – Female Balb/c mice	16423399	PMC7112551	Shi et al.^Citation53
DNA vaccine	CTLA4-S DNA vaccine	S protein	Yes – Male Balb/c (H-2^d) mice	15993989	PMC7115571	Woo et al.^Citation54
DNA vaccine	Salmonella-CTLA4-S DNA vaccine	S protein	Yes – Male Balb/c (H-2^d) mice	15993989	PMC7115571	Woo et al.^Citation54
DNA vaccine	Salmonella-tPA-S DNA vaccine	S protein	Yes – Male Balb/c (H-2^d) mice	15993989	PMC7115571	Woo et al.^Citation54
Recombinant	Recombinant spike polypeptide vaccine	S protein	Yes – Male Balb/c (H-2^d) mice	15993989	PMC7115571	Woo et al.^Citation54
DNA vaccine	tPA-S DNA vaccine	S protein	Yes – Male Balb/c (H-2^d) mice	15993989	PMC7115571	Woo et al.^Citation54
DNA vaccine	N protein DNA vaccine	N protein	Yes – Six-week-old female BALB/c mice	15582659	PMC7111813	Zhao et al.^Citation55

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