Proposed clinical indicators for efficient screening and testing for COVID-19 infection using Classification and Regression Trees (CART) analysis

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline demographics by COVID-19 status

Demographics	Non-cases N = 755 (90.7%) n (%)	COVID-19 cases N = 77 (9.3%) n (%)	P value
Age group			.620
18–49 years	65.2	62.3
≥ 50 years	34.8	37.7
Female sex	73.8	66.7	.185
White race, ref. = nonwhite	88.3	77.9	.009
Healthcare worker	39.9	44.7	.410
Current smoker or vaper, ref. = non-smoker/vaper	20.0	9.3	.024
Age, mean (SD)	43.3 (14.1)	44.4 (14.0)	.516

Table 2. Presenting symptoms for outpatients attending the COVID-19 testing clinic

Symptom	Non-cases N = 755 (90.7%) n (%)	COVID-19 cases N = 77 (9.3%) n (%)	P value
Abdominal pain	27.5%	20.8%	.208
Chills	63.9%	74.0%	.077
Cough	87.2%	86.8%	.936
Decrease or loss of taste or smell	23.6%	75.9%	<.001
Diarrhea	37.7%	49.4%	.046
Fever	67.3%	81.8%	.009
Headache	81.6%	85.7%	.371
Muscle aches	67.1%	67.5%	.934
Nausea/Vomiting	9.7%	18.4%	.018
Shortness of breath	64.8%	56.6%	.156
Sore throat	66.5%	39.5%	<.001
Contact with COVID-19 case	20%	73.7%	<.001

Figure 1. Decision tree for symptoms to determine testing needs for outpatient COVID-19