Immune memory: an evolutionary perspective

Figures & data

Table 1. Examples of cross protection against pathogenic agents

The challenge with β-glucan induces resistance to Staphylococcus aureus	^Citation16,Citation17
Muramyl dipeptide is secondarily effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Toxoplasma gondii infections	^Citation18
Flagellin induces protection against S. pneumoniae and rotavirus	^Citation19,Citation20
Vaccination with the BCG vaccine was shown to protect animals against secondary infections with Candida albicans, Schistosoma mansoni and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, such as yellow fever or malaria, and this was associated with an augmented proinflammatory activity of monocytes treatment of malignancies such as bladder cancer, melanoma, leukemia and lymphoma.	^Citation21–28
Corynebacterium parvum, 50 virus families or live humans vaccines commonly used in pediatric protocols help to overwhelm different types of recurrent infections, herpes-virus latency increases resistance to the bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia pestis through enhanced production of IFN-γ, and the systemic activation of macrophages	^Citation29

Marakalala MJ, Williams DL, Hoving JC, Engstad R, Netea MG, Browna GD. Dectin-1 plays a redundant role in the immunomodulatory activities of β-glucan-rich ligands in vivo. Microbes Infect. 2013;15(6–7):511–15. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2013.03.002. PMID: 23518266.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Di Luzio NR, Williams DL. Protective effect of glucan against systemic Staphylococcus aureus septicemia in normal and leukemic mice. Infect Immun. 1978;20(3):804–10. doi:10.1128/IAI.20.3.804-810.1978. PMID: 352959.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Krahenbuhl JL, Sharma SD, Ferraresi RW, Remington JS. Effects of muramyl dipeptide treatment on resistance to infection with Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Infect Immun. 1981;31(2):716–22. doi:10.1128/IAI.31.2.716-722.1981. PMID: 7216470.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Muñoz N, Maele LV, Marqués JM, Rial A, Sirard JC, Chabalgoity JA. Mucosal administration of flagellin protects mice from Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection. Infect Immun. 2010;78(10):4226–33. doi:10.1128/IAI.00224-10. PMID: 20643849.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhang B, Chassaing B, Shi Z, Uchiyama R, Zhang Z, Denning TL, Crawford SE, Pruijssers AJ, Iskarpatyoti JA, Estes MK, et al. Prevention and cure of rotavirus infection via TLR5/NLRC4-mediated production of IL-22 and IL-18. Science. 2014;346(6211):861–65. doi:10.1126/science.1256999. PMID: 25395539.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Barton ES, White DW, Cathelyn JS, Brett-McClellan KA, Engle M, Diamond MS, Miller VL, Virgin HW 4th. Herpesvirus latency confers symbiotic protection from bacterial infection. Nature. 2007 May 17;447(7142):326–29. doi:10.1038/nature05762. PMID: 17507983.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar