Willingness of the general population to accept and pay for COVID-19 vaccination during the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative survey in mainland China

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of participants

Variables	Total (n = 1179)	Males (n = 574)	Females (n = 605)	P-value
Age (years)	36.0 ± 11.5	36.3 ± 11.5	35.7 ± 11.4	.386
Marital status, n (%)
Single/Divorced	223 (18.9)	116 (20.2)	107 (17.7)	.298
Married	956 (81.1)	458 (79.8)	498 (82.3)
Education level, n (%)
Secondary school	156 (13.2)	82 (14.3)	74 (12.2)	.304
Higher qualification	1023 (86.8)	492 (85.7)	531 (87.8)
Religion, n (%)
No	1139 (96.6)	559 (97.4)	580 (95.9)	.197
Yes	40 (3.4)	15 (2.6)	25 (4.1)
Healthcare worker, n (%)
Yes	83 (7.0)	44 (7.7)	39 (6.4)	.427
No	1096 (93.0)	530 (92.3)	566 (93.6)
High-risk regions, n (%)
Yes	47 (4.0)	26 (4.5)	21 (3.5)	.375
No	1132 (96.0)	548 (95.5)	584 (96.5)
Presence of chronic diseases, n (%)
Yes	253 (21.5)	132 (23.0)	121 (20.0)	.228
No	926 (78.5)	442 (77.0)	484 (80.0)
Diagnosed with COVID-19, n (%)
Yes	12 (1.0)	9 (1.6)	3 (0.5)	.084
No	1167 (99.0)	565 (98.4)	602 (99.5)
Perceived increased risk of contracting COVID-19, n (%)
Yes	546 (46.3)	269 (46.9)	277 (45.8)	.726
No	633 (53.7)	305 (53.1)	328 (54.2)
Perceived increased severity of effect of COVID-19 to own life, n (%)
Yes	565 (47.9)	274 (47.7)	291 (48.1)	.907
No	614 (52.1)	300 (52.3)	314 (51.9)
Willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19, n (%)
Yes	912 (77.4)	448 (78.0)	464 (76.7)	.626
No	267 (22.6)	126 (22.0)	141 (23.3)
Willing to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine, n (%)
Yes	956 (81.1)	476 (82.9)	480 (79.3)	.119
No	223 (18.9)	98 (17.1)	124 (20.7)
Acceptable price (¥, in Chinese currency, Renminbi (RMB)) for a COVID-19 vaccine, n (%)
<500 (<US $ 75)	287 (24.3)	140 (24.4)	147 (24.3)	.790
501–1000 (US $ 75–149)	435 (36.9)	219 (38.2)	216 (35.7)
1001–1500 (US $ 150–224)	328 (27.8)	153 (26.7)	175 (28.9)
>1500 (>US $ 224)	129 (10.9)	62 (10.8)	67 (10.1)

Table 2. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions (KAP) regarding vaccination among participants

	Sex (n = 1179)		P-value	Willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 (n = 1179)		P-value	Education level (n = 1179)		P-value
	Males (n = 574)	Females (n = 605)		Yes (n = 912)	No (n = 267)		Secondary level (n = 156)	Higher qualification (n = 1023)
COVID-19 vaccine can cause SARS-CoV-2 infection, n (%)
Yes	156 (27.2)	147 (24.3)	0.286	230 (25.2)	73 (27.3)	0.524	21 (13.5)	282 (27.6)	<.001
No	418 (72.8)	458 (75.7)		682 (74.8)	194 (72.7)		135 (86.5)	741 (72.4)
COVID-19 vaccine is safe and effective in preventing COVID-19, n (%)
Yes	437 (76.1)	462 (76.4)	0.945	693 (76.0)	206 (77.2)	0.774	115 (73.7)	784 (76.6)	.420
No	137 (23.9)	143 (23.6)		219 (24.0)	61 (22.8)		41 (26.3)	239 (23.4)
All adults should receive COVID-19 vaccine, n (%)
Yes	279 (48.6)	311 (51.4)	0.351	479 (52.5)	111 (41.6)	0.002	74 (47.4)	516 (50.4)	.493
No	295 (51.4)	294 (48.6)		433 (47.5)	156 (58.4)		82 (52.6)	507 (49.6)
I feel that I am at risk to get COVID-19, n (%)
Yes	400 (69.7)	417 (68.9)	0.801	649 (71.2)	168 (62.9)	0.013	104 (66.7)	713 (69.7)	.457
No	174 (30.3)	188 (31.1)		263 (28.8)	99 (37.1)		52 (33.3)	310 (30.3)
Everyone can potentially spread SARS-CoV-2 to other people, n (%)
Yes	449 (78.2)	468 (77.4)	0.727	707 (77.5)	201 (22.9)	0.738	122 (78.2)	795 (77.7)	.890
No	125 (21.8)	137 (22.6)		205 (22.5)	57 (21.3)		34 (21.8)	228 (22.3)
SARS-CoV-2 is contagious, n (%)
Minimally	41 (7.1)	35 (5.8)	0.324	58 (6.4)	18 (6.7)	0.560	11 (7.1)	65 (6.4)	.667
Somewhat	64 (11.1)	82 (13.6)		118 (12.9)	28 (10.5)		16 (10.3)	130 (12.7)
Very	469 (81.7)	488 (80.7)		736 (80.7)	221 (82.8)		129 (82.7)	828 (80.9)
More likely to trust immunizations that have been around for a while, n (%)
Yes	353 (61.5)	358 (59.2)	0.439	547 (60.0)	164 (61.4)	0.722	103 (66.0)	608 (59.4)	.135
No	221 (38.5)	247 (40.8)		356 (40.0)	103 (38.6)		53 (34.0)	415 (40.6)
Immunizations are getting better and safer all of the time, as a result of medical research, n (%)
Yes	388 (67.6)	408 (67.4)	0.954	608 (66.7)	188 (70.4)	0.266	121 (77.6)	675 (66.0)	.004
No	186 (32.4)	197 (32.6)		304 (33.3)	79 (29.6)		35 (22.4)	348 (34.0)
Immunizations do more good than harm, n (%)
Yes	401 (69.9)	426 (70.4)	0.849	637 (69.8)	190 (71.2)	0.704	130 (83.3)	697 (68.1)	<.001
No	173 (30.1)	179 (29.6)		275 (30.2)	77 (28.8)		26 (16.7)	326 (31.9)
Opposed to immunization requirements because they go against freedom of choice, n (%)
Yes	192 (33.4)	190 (31.4)	0.456	294 (32.2)	88 (33.0)	0.824	44 (28.2)	338 (33.0)	0.270
No	382 (66.6)	415 (68.6)		618 (67.8)	179 (67.0)		112 (71.8)	685 (67.0)
Immunization requirements protect immunized adults from getting diseases from unimmunized adults, n (%)
Yes	430 (74.9)	445 (73.6)	0.641	660 (72.4)	215 (80.5)	0.007	121 (77.6)	754 (73.7)	0.327
No	144 (25.1)	160 (26.4)		252 (27.6)	52 (19.5)		35 (22.4)	269 (26.3)

Table 3. Perceptions of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine information sources among participants

Information source	Sex (n = 1179)		P-value	Willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 (n = 1179)		P-value	Education level (n = 1179)		P-value
	Males (n = 574)	Females (n = 605)		Yes (n = 912)	No (n = 267)		Secondary level (n = 156)	Higher qualification (n = 1023)
Good/excellent source
Internet, n (%)	519 (90.4)	552 (91.2)	0.686	828 (90.8)	243 (91.0)	0.912	139 (89.1)	932 (91.1)	.455
Media, n (%)	515 (89.7)	521 (86.1)	0.061	822 (90.1)	214 (80.1)	<0.001	131 (84.0)	905 (88.5)	.115
Visits to healthcare providers, n (%)	543 (94.6)	568 (93.9)	0.619	874 (95.8)	237 (88.8)	<0.001	151 (96.8)	960 (93.8)	.194
Printed materials from healthcare providers, n (%)	516 (89.9)	552 (91.2)	0.485	839 (92.0)	229 (85.8)	0.004	147 (94.2)	921 (90.0)	.106
Alternative healthcare providers, n (%)	534 (93.0)	562 (92.9)	0.926	853 (93.5)	243 (91.0)	0.173	145 (92.9)	951 (93.0)	.995
Vaccine companies and industry, n (%)	169 (29.4)	171 (28.3)	0.700	247 (27.1)	93 (34.8)	0.017	48 (30.8)	292 (28.5)	.570
Family members, n (%)	540 (94.1)	576 (95.2)	0.438	867 (95.1)	249 (93.3)	0.278	145 (92.9)	971 (94.9)	.337
Friends, n (%)	537 (93.6)	578 (95.5)	0.157	861 (94.4)	254 (95.1)	0.759	148 (94.9)	967 (94.5)	.859