Prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection among household members: a cross-sectional study in Beijing

Figures & data

Table 1. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and exposure in couples

	Chronic HBV infection							Exposure to HBV
		total		wives		husbands		total		wives		husbands
	sample size	Positive (%)	p	Positive (%)	p	Positive (%)	p	Positive (%)	p	Positive (%)	p	Positive (%)	p
Age groups
18–24	73	6.8		3.9		13.6		27.4		25.5		31.8
25–34	557	4.7		3.8		5.6		24.1		23.0		25.2
35–44	565	4.2		2.2		6.1		34.2		31.3		36.9
45–54	596	4.2		5.5		3.0		37.1		35.1		39.0
≥55	279	3.2	.71	3.8	.39	2.7	.06	38.7	.00	33.1	.02	43.6	.00
Education
Primary school and below	152	5.9		7.0		4.5		46.1		44.2		48.5
Junior middle school	829	4.5		4.7		4.3		36.4		33.7		39.0
High school	537	4.7		4.8		4.5		29.2		25.8		32.7
Junior college	285	3.5		1.3		5.9		26.7		26.7		26.7
Bachelor or above	267	3.0	.60	.0	.03	5.5	.93	26.6	.00	20.5	.00	31.7	.01
Ethnicity
Han	1998	4.2		3.7		4.7		33.0		30.2		35.8
Other	72	6.9	.26	6.5	.34	7.7	.47	22.2	.05	23.9	.36	19.2	.08
Residence
Urban	808	3.0		1.8		4.0		28.5		26.6		30.2
Rural	1262	5.2	.02	5.1	.01	5.2	.38	35.3	.00	31.9	.07	38.9	.00
Local
Yes	1691	3.8		3.5		4.0		32.3		29.4		35.2
No	379	6.6	.01	5.1	.28	8.5	.01	34.0	.53	32.2	.41	36.4	.77
Immune
Yes	163	4.9		5.1		4.8		22.1		19.0		25.0
No	1907	4.2	.69	3.8	.57	4.7	.99	33.6	.00	30.9	.03	36.3	.04
NO of Immune
None	1907	4.2		3.8		4.7		33.6		30.9		36.3
<3 doses	54	7.4		9.5		6.1		27.8		19.0		33.3
≥3 doses	109	3.7	.50	3.4	.39	3.9	.90	19.3	.01	19.0	.09	19.6	0.05
Infected spouse
Yes	89	2.2		2.0		2.5		46.1		40.8		52.5
No	1981	4.4	.33	4.0	.50	4.8	.50	32.1	.01	29.4	.09	34.7	0.02
Exposed spouse
Yes	676	6.1		5.7		6.5		36.7		33.9		40.0
No	1394	3.4	.01	2.8	.02	4.0	.09	30.7	.01	27.8	.04	33.4	0.04
Immunized spouse
Yes	163	7.4		4.8		10.1		29.4		21.4		38.0
No	1907	4.0	.04	3.8	.66	4.3	.02	32.9	.36	30.7	.08	35.1	0.61

Table 2. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and exposure in offspring

		Chronic HBV infection		Exposure to HBV
	sample size	positive(%)	p	positive(%)	p
Age groups
<5	80	0.0		7.5
5–14	192	0.5		6.3
15–24	158	0.0		8.2
≥25	104	3.8	.01	15.4	.06
Gender
Male	293	1.0		10.6
Female	241	0.8	.82	6.6	.11
Ethnicity
Han	510	0.8		8.4
Other	24	4.2	.09	16.7	.16
Residence
Urban	234	0.9		17.1
Rural	300	1.0	.86	2.3	.00
Local
Yes	476	1.1		9.9
No	58	0.0	.43	0.0	.01
Immune
Yes	389	0.8		7.2
No	145	1.4	.52	13.1	.03
NO of Immune
None	145	1.4		13.1
<3 doses	344	0.9		6.4
≥3 doses	45	0.0	.69	13.3	.03
Infected parents
None	481	0.6		8.9
Infected mother	24	8.3		12.5
Infected father	28	0.0		3.6
Infected parents	1	0.0	.27	0.0	.69
Exposed parents
None	231	0.0		6.9
Exposed mother	111	0.9		9.9
Exposed father	127	0.8		10.2
Expose parents	65	4.6	0.01	10.8	0.61
Immunized parents
None	478	0.8		9.2
Immunized mother	21	0.0		9.5
Immunized father	19	5.3		5.3
Immunized parents	16	0.0	.24	0.0	.58

Table 3. Factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection and exposure in couples

	Chronic HBV infection						Exposure to HBV
	cOR	95%CI	p	aOR	95%CI	p	cOR	95%CI	p	aOR	95%CI	p
Infected spouse
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1	(reference)		1	(reference)
Yes	0.28	[0.07,1.21]	.09	0.26	[0.06,1.10]	.07	1.57	[0.99,2.48]	.06	1.66	[1.04,2.65]	.03
Exposed spouse
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1	(reference)		1	(reference)
Yes	1.93	[1.23,3.04]	.01	1.91	[1.20,3.04]	.01	1.15	[0.94,1.42]	.18	1.09	[0.88,1.35]	.42
Immunized spouse
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1	(reference)		1	(reference)
Yes	2.33	[1.21,4.49]	.01	2.05	[0.96,4.37]	.06	0.95	[0.67,1.37]	.79	1.24	[0.83,1.85]	.29
Contacting with HBV carriers always
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	1.35	[0.40,4.6]	.63	1.34	[0.38,4.75]	.65	1.00	[0.54,1.86]	1.00	1.22	[0.64,2.32]	.55
Sharing shaver
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	1.05	[0.41,2.7]	.92	1.04	[0.4,2.68]	.94	1.24	[0.85,1.81]	.27	1.19	[0.81,1.75]	.37
Surgery
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	0.66	[0.40,1.12]	.12	0.68	[0.40,1.15]	.15	0.82	[0.66,1.02]	.07	0.84	[0.68,1.04]	.12
Dental treatment
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	1.04	[0.67,1.63]	.85	1.15	[0.72,1.82]	.55	1.05	[0.87,1.28]	.59	1.03	[0.84,1.26]	.78
Endoscopic medicine
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	0.60	[0.24,1.52]	.28	0.60	[0.23,1.53]	.28	1.13	[0.82,1.55]	.44	1.05	[0.77,1.45]	.75
Blood transfusion
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	1.82	[0.68,4.87]	.23	1.91	[0.71,5.17]	.20	0.93	[0.57,1.53]	.78	0.84	[0.51,1.38]	.49
Acupuncture
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	0.55	[0.26,1.17]	.12	0.59	[0.27,1.27]	.18	0.98	[0.75,1.27]	.86	0.93	[0.71,1.22]	.60
Sharing syringes
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	2.66	[1.61,4.40]	.00	2.65	[1.52,4.62]	.00	2.22	[1.71,2.89]	.00	2.09	[1.58,2.77]	.00
Tattooing
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	1.35	[0.59,3.08]	.48	1.33	[0.57,3.09]	.51	1.18	[0.80,1.74]	.40	1.15	[0.78,1.70]	.49
Body piercing
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	1.13	[0.67,1.91]	.64	0.97	[0.57,1.66]	.91	0.83	[0.66,1.04]	.11	0.89	[0.70,1.13]	.34

Table 4. Factors associated with hepatitis B virus exposure in offspring

	cOR	95%CI	p	aOR	95%CI	p
Infected parents
None	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Infected mother	1.42	[0.37,5.50]	.61	6.77	[1.30,35.26]	.02
Infected father	0.31	[0.04,2.45]	.27	0.32	[0.03,2.99]	.32
Infected parents	omitted			omitted
Exposed parents
None	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Exposed mother	1.30	[0.55,3.08]	.54	1.12	[0.42,2.98]	.83
Exposed father	1.54	[0.70,3.42]	.29	1.29	[0.54,3.09]	.57
Expose parents	1.75	[0.65,4.75]	.27	1.91	[0.61,6.01]	.27
Immunized parents
None	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Immunized mother	0.93	[0.19,4.49]	.93	0.58	[0.09,3.59]	.56
Immunized father	0.56	[0.07,4.39]	.58	1.33	[0.14,13.06]	.81
Immunized parents	omitted			omitted
Contacting with HBV carriers always
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	3.68	[0.31,43.92]	.30	1.16	[0.06,21.21]	.92
Sharing shaver
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	1.99	[0.69,5.75]	.21	2.03	[0.55,7.49]	.29
Surgery
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	0.79	[0.26,2.39]	.68	1.03	[0.29,3.67]	.97
Dental treatment
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	0.73	[0.34,1.53]	.40	0.47	[0.20,1.12]	.09
Sharing syringes
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	0.85	[0.15,4.69]	.85	0.69	[0.11,4.34]	.69
Tattooing
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	2.34	[0.23,24.11]	.48	2.23	[0.18,27.49]	.53
Body piercing
No	1.00	(reference)		1.00	(reference)
Yes	0.38	[0.09,1.71]	.21	0.12	[0.02,0.69]	.02