Pneumococcal carriage in children with COVID-19

Figures & data

Figure 1. The number of NP swaps during the study period

Figure 2. The relationship between NP Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage and the severity of children

Table 1. Demographic and clinical data of patients with COVID-19

	Total (n = 115)	S. pneumonia positive (n = 37)	S. pneumonia negative (n = 78)	p value
Age, years (median, min-max)	9 (3–14)	4 (1–11)	10 (4–14)	0.009
Male (%)	61 (50.8)	20 (52.6)	41 (50)	0.59
Rate of Refugees, n (%)	31 (26.9)	12 (32.4)	19 (24.4)	0.36
Underlying disease, n (%)	9 (7.5)	2 (5.3)	7 (8.5)	0.71
Symptoms, n (%)
Fever	43 (35.8)	15 (39.5)	28 (34.1)	0.63
Cough	43 (35.8)	15 (39.1)	28 (34.1)	0.63
Laboratory findings, n (%)
Leukocytosis	0	0	0	NA
Lymphopenia	24 (20)	5 (13.2)	19 (23.2)	0.18
Increased CRP	28/88 (31.8)	5/32 (15.6)	12/70 (17.1)	0.84
Increased Procalcitonin	0/77 (0)	0/24 (0)	0/53 (0)	NA
Increased LDH	28/88 (31.8)	13/26 (50)	15/62 (24.2)	0.03
D dimer	7/25 (28)	4/10 (40)	3/15 (20)	0.37
Chest x-ray, n (%)	120 (100)
Abnormal	38 (31.7)	11 (28.9)	27 (32.9)	0.60
Thorax CT, n (%)	30 (40)
Normal	19/30 (15.8)	8/11 (72.7)	11/19 (57.8)	0.46
Abnormal	11/30 (9.2)	3/11 (27.2)	8/19 (42.1)
Severity
Asymptomatic	32 (26.7)	10 (26.3)	22 (26.3)	NA
Mild	51 (42.5)	16 (42.1)	31 (42.7)
Moderate	34 (28.3)	11 (28.9)	18 (28)
Severe/Critical	3 (2.5)	1 (2.6)	2 (2.4)
Antibacterial treatment, n (%)	23 (20)	7 (18.9)	16 (20.5)	0.76
Antiviral treatment, n (%)	2 (1.7)	1 (2.7)	2 (1.3)	NA

CRP; C-reactive protein, LDH; Lactate dehydrogenase, CT; Computer tomography,

Figure 3. The NP pneumococcal carriage rate in each age groups