The influencing factors of discrimination against recovered Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in China: a national study

Figures & data

Table 1. Six events measuring discrimination

Events	Yes	It depends	No
1. Are you willing to accept gifts from COVID-19 rehabilitation patients?	0	1	2
2. Are you willing to have dinner with COVID-19 rehabilitation patients?	0	1	2
3. Are you willing to shake hands with or hug COVID-19 rehabilitation patients?	0	1	2
4. Do you think parents should let their children play with COVID-19 rehabilitation children?	0	1	2
5. Do you think parents should accept their child marrying a COVID-19 rehabilitation patient?	0	1	2
6. Are you willing to work together with COVID-19 rehabilitation patients?	0	1	2

Table 2. Factor loading coefficient

Measurement event	Coef.	S.E.	Z	P	Std. Coef.	AVE	CR
Event 1	0.613	0.016	39.010	<0.01	0.718	0.5673	0.8861
Event 2	0.507	0.015	33.418	<0.01	0.639
Event 3	0.528	0.014	38.443	<0.01	0.711
Event 4	0.691	0.014	49.719	<0.01	0.849
Event 5	0.704	0.014	51.186	<0.01	0.865
Event 6	0.596	0.015	38.482	<0.01	0.711

Table 3. Assignment of COVID-19 knowledge scores

Descriptions		1	0	−1
Transmissions	COVID-19 can be spread through respiratory droplets such as coughing and sneezing.	pick	not pick	-
	Animals such as cats and dogs that carry the virus can transmit COVID-19.	-	not pick	pick
	Touched an object contaminated with the virus.	pick	not pick	-
	The virus pollutes the environment by being excreted in the stool, and then infects people through the digestive tract.	-	not pick	pick
Preventions	Wear a mask.	pick	not pick	-
	Keep at least 2 meters away from others when talking to them.	pick	not pick	-
	Sunbath.	-	not pick	pick
	Take a hot bath or sauna.	-	not pick	pick
	Disinfect with 75% alcohol	pick	not pick	-
Other knowledge	What kinds of people are more seriously affected by COVID-19? A. Juveniles; B. Young adults; C. Senior citizen; D. everyone same severity	C	A,B,D	-
	What is the current treatment for COVID-19? A. Drugs and treatments specific to COVID-19 B. Symptomatic treatment; C. Use a lot of antibiotics; D. No cure	B	A,C,D	-
	How many days should people in contact with COVID-19 patients be quarantined? A.1–3 days; B. 5 days; C. 7 days; D. 14 days	D	A,B,C	-

Table 4. Descriptive statistics for categorical independent variables

Variables		N	%
Sex	Male	1,154	48.55
	Female	1,223	51.45
Age	18–44	1,514	63.69
	45–59	656	27.60
	60+	207	8.71
Residence	Urban	1,462	61.51
	Rural	915	38.49
Education	Primary school and below	272	11.44
	Middle school	405	17.04
	High school	349	14.68
	Above high school	1,351	56.84
Occupation	Farmer	278	11.70
	Migrant worker	289	12.16
	Enterprise staff	323	13.59
	Individual industrialist	221	9.30
	Teacher	159	6.69
	Physician	31	1.30
	Civil servant	120	5.05
	Professional and technical staff	75	3.16
	Unemployed	103	4.33
	Student	639	26.88
	Retiree	86	3.62
	Others	53	2.23
Monthly income	Lowest (<RMB2500)	456	19.18
	Low (≥RMB2500 & <RMB4000)	350	14.72
	Medium (≥RMB4000 & <RMB6000)	514	21.62
	High (≥RMB6000 & <RMB10000)	421	17.71
	Highest (≥RMB10000)	636	26.76
Medical insurance	URRBMI	1,753	73.75
	UEBMI	457	19.23
	Free medical care	73	3.07
	No medical insurance	46	1.94
	Other	48	2.02
Self-rated health	Bad	73	3.07
	Medium	564	23.73
	Good	1,740	73.20
Paid for vaccine	No	1,028	43.25
	Within last year	329	13.84
	More than one year ago	1,020	42.91
Infections of relatives and friends	No	2,310	97.18
	Yes	36	1.51
	Not sure	31	1.30
Region	Western	943	39.67
	Central	686	28.86
	Eastern	748	31.47

Table 5. Score of COVID-19 knowledge

Knowledge	Mean	SE	Min	Max
Transmission	0.54	0.79	−2	2
Prevention	2.28	0.87	−1	3
Other COVID-19 knowledge	2.45	0.69	0	3

Figure 1. Attitude toward COVID-19 rehabilitation patients.

Table 6. Discrimination level

Discrimination level	Freq.	Percent	Cum.
Mild or no discrimination	760	31.97	31.97
Medium discrimination	717	30.16	62.14
Severe discrimination	900	37.86	100.00
Total	2,377	100.00	100.00

Table 7. Discrimination level by independent variables

		Mild/No		Medium		Severe
Variables		N	%	N	%	N	%	χ2	P
Sex	Male	414	35.88	321	27.82	419	36.31	16.21	<0.01
	Female	346	28.29	396	32.38	481	39.33
Age	18–44	541	35.73	508	33.55	465	30.71	113.23	<0.01
	45–59	178	27.13	176	26.83	302	46.04
	60+	41	19.81	33	15.94	133	64.25
Residence	Urban	472	32.28	453	30.98	537	36.73	2.25	0.325
	Rural	288	31.48	264	28.85	363	39.67
Education	Primary school and below	73	26.84	66	24.26	133	48.90	50.69	<0.01
	Middle school	107	26.42	102	25.19	196	48.40
	High school	125	35.82	97	27.79	127	36.39
	Above high school	455	33.68	452	33.46	444	32.86
Occupation	Farmer	84	30.22	62	22.30	132	47.48	182.04	<0.01
	Migrant worker	78	26.99	89	30.80	122	42.21
	Enterprise staff	94	29.10	102	31.58	127	39.32
	Individual industrialist	56	25.34	65	29.41	100	45.25
	Teacher	54	33.96	38	23.90	67	42.14
	Physician	16	51.61	9	29.03	6	19.35
	Civil servant	34	28.33	37	30.83	49	40.83
	Professional and technical staff	20	26.67	25	33.33	30	40.00
	Unemployed	23	22.33	18	17.48	62	60.19
	Student	274	42.88	241	37.72	124	19.41
	Retiree	14	16.28	15	17.44	57	66.28
	Others	13	24.53	16	30.19	24	45.28
Monthly income	Lowest (<RMB2500)	168	36.84	130	28.51	158	34.65	9.22	0.324
	Low (<RMB4000&≥RMB2500)	100	28.57	108	30.86	142	40.57
	Medium (<RMB6000&≥RMB4000)	158	30.74	151	29.38	205	39.88
	High (<RMB10000&≥RMB6000)	132	31.35	125	29.69	164	38.95
	Highest (≥RMB10000)	202	31.76	203	31.92	231	36.32
Medical insurance	URRBMI	587	33.49	529	30.18	637	36.34	12.32	0.137
	UEBMI	120	26.26	141	30.85	196	42.89
	Free medical care	27	36.99	19	26.03	27	36.99
	No medical insurance	12	26.09	14	30.43	20	43.48
	Others	14	29.17	14	29.17	20	41.67
Self-rated health	Bad	16	21.92	18	24.66	39	53.42	23.33	<0.01
	Medium	161	28.55	153	27.13	250	44.33
	Good	583	33.51	546	31.38	611	35.11
Paid for vaccine	No	354	34.44	321	31.23	353	34.34	26.11	<0.01
	Within last year	123	37.39	101	30.70	105	31.91
	More than one year ago	283	27.75	295	28.92	442	43.33
Infections of relatives and friends	No	732	31.69	698	30.22	880	38.10	8.74	0.068
	Yes	18	50.00	6	16.67	12	33.33
	Not sure	10	32.26	13	41.94	8	25.81
Region	Western	355	37.65	312	33.09	276	29.27	58.08	<0.01
	Central	177	25.80	186	27.11	323	47.08
	Eastern	228	30.48	219	29.28	301	40.24

Table 8. Multiple ordered logistic regression of discrimination level by independent variables

Variables		β	SE	z	P	95%CI		Odds Ratio (OR)
Sex	Male	(Reference group)
	Female	0.225	0.079	2.86	0.004	0.071	0.379	1.252
Age	18–44	(Reference group)
	45–59	0.223	0.107	2.08	0.037	0.013	0.432	1.249
	60+	0.763	0.195	3.91	<0.01	0.380	1.145	2.144
Education	Primary school and below	(Reference group)
	Middle school	0.151	0.163	0.93	0.353	−0.168	0.470	1.163
	High school	0.229	0.186	1.23	0.219	−0.136	0.594	1.257
	Above high school	0.186	0.176	1.05	0.293	−0.160	0.531	1.204
Occupation	Farmer	(Reference group)
	Migrant worker	0.157	0.169	0.93	0.352	−0.173	0.487	1.170
	Enterprise staff	0.073	0.181	0.40	0.686	−0.282	0.429	1.076
	Individual industrialist	0.205	0.185	1.11	0.268	−0.158	0.569	1.228
	Teacher	−0.122	0.221	−0.55	0.582	−0.555	0.311	0.885
	Physician	−1.044	0.385	−2.71	0.007	−1.798	−0.290	0.352
	Civil servant	0.014	0.228	0.06	0.951	−0.433	0.461	1.014
	Professional and technical staff	0.224	0.266	0.84	0.398	−0.296	0.745	1.252
	Unemployed	0.374	0.239	1.56	0.118	−0.095	0.843	1.454
	Student	−0.593	0.177	−3.35	0.001	−0.940	−0.246	0.553
	Retiree	0.517	0.277	1.87	0.062	−0.025	1.060	1.677
	Others	0.075	0.294	0.25	0.799	−0.502	0.652	1.078
Self-rated health	Bad	(Reference group)
	Medium	−0.099	0.254	−0.39	0.696	−0.598	0.399	0.905
	Good	−0.277	0.251	−1.11	0.269	−0.769	0.214	0.758
Paid for vaccine	No	(Reference group)
	Within last year	−0.204	0.124	−1.65	0.100	−0.446	0.039	0.816
	More than one year ago	0.065	0.091	0.72	0.473	−0.113	0.244	1.067
Infections of relatives and friends	No	(Reference group)
	Yes	−0.837	0.354	−2.36	0.018	−1.530	−0.143	0.433
	Not sure	−0.622	0.340	−1.83	0.068	−1.290	0.045	0.537
Region	Western	(Reference group)
	Central	0.603	0.098	6.15	<0.01	0.411	0.796	1.828
	Eastern	0.408	0.094	4.34	<0.01	0.224	0.592	1.504
Transmission		−0.145	0.050	−2.88	0.004	−0.243	−0.046	0.865
Prevention		−0.190	0.047	−4.02	<0.01	−0.283	−0.098	0.827
Other COVID-19 knowledge		−0.181	0.060	−3.02	0.003	−0.298	−0.063	0.835