https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5936-5376
Figures & data
Table 1. Overview of oncolytic viruses characteristics in ongoing drug development in oncology.Citation31
Figure 1. Mechanisms of action of oncolytic viruses as indicators of anti-tumoral activity in Hodgkin lymphoma
(a) The oncolytic virus (OV) infects and replicates in the classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) cell because of an abnormal response to stress and dysfunctional virus detection and clearance by protein kinase R (PKR), retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG-1), and interferon type 1 (INF). (b) Direct cHL cell-killing by OV results in the release of tumor-associated antigen (TAA), viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and cytokines (Interleukin (IL)12, IL6, IL1, INF, etc). (c) TAA, PAMPs, DAMPs, and cytokines activate antigen-presenting cells (APC) resulting in recruitment of other APCs such as dendritic cells (DC) and natural-killer cells (NK), promoting innate immunity activation. (d) Immunologic death of cHL cells by NK in response to INF and IL12. (e) DC, in response to IL12, migrates to lymph-node areas to activate CD4+ and CD8 + T-cells through major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) I and II. CD4 + T-cells release IL2, which helps lymphocyte B (LB) cells produce cell-destructive anti-tumor antibodies. TCR, T-cell receptor. (f) Activated CD8 + T cells initiate antiviral and anti-tumoral activity. CD8 + T cells migrate, in response to chemokine, to cHL cells that express MHC I.
Table 2. Summary of safety and efficacy results for oncolytic viral approaches to treat relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma in clinical trials
Figure 2. Choosing virotherapy for the treatment of relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma
(a) First-line therapy(b) Second-line therapy with OV as consolidation treatment after ASCT to prevent relapse.(c) OV monotherapy or in association with third-line therapy, such as anti-PD1, to treat R/R CHL.OV, Oncolytic virus; R/R CHL, relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma; ASCT, autologous stem cell transplantation.
