Presence of high-risk HPVs, EBV, and MMTV in human triple-negative breast cancer

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (n = 70)

Characteristic	Categories	Number (%)
Age	≤50	18 (25%)
	>50	53 (74%)
	Unknown	1 (1%)
Nottingham Histological Grade	I	0 (0%)
	II	11 (16%)
	III	59 (84%)
Tumor (pT) Stage	pT1	22 (31%)
	pT2	34 (49%)
	pT3	4 (6%)
	pT4	9 (13%)
	Unknown	1 (1%)
Lymph Node (pN) status	Positive	21 (30%)
	Negative	49 (70%)

Figure 1. (a–c). Representative PCR reactions for (a) high-risk HPV-subtypes, (b) EBV (EBNA1, EBNA2 and LMP1) and (c) MMTV-like virus in 27 different samples of TNBC. GAPDH was used as an internal control. GAPDH was run common for both HPV and EBV. Respective positive (+ve) and negative (-ve) controls were used as described in the materials and methods section; L- GeneRuler 100 bp DNA Ladder (ThermoFisher Scientific, USA).

Table 2. Presence of single infection with HPV, EBV, or MMTV-like virus in 70 samples of TNBC

Single infection
HPV+	EBV+	MMTV-like virus+
53%	36%	7%

Figure 2. Venn Diagram depicting single and multiple infections with HPV, EBV, and/or MMTV-like virus in Croatian triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) samples (n = 70).

Figure 3. Distribution of each high-risk HPV subtype in Croatian triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) samples. PCR analysis included 70 TNBC samples revealing that the most frequent HPV subtypes are HPV52, HPV45, HPV31, HPV58, and HPV68.

Table 3. (a) Prevalence of HPV in TNBC patients in different populations. (b) Prevalence of EBV in TNBC patients in different populations

Country		Year	HPV (%)	Reference
(a)
Qatar		2020	3/10 (30%)	^Citation36
Morocco		2018	4/9 (44%)	^Citation70
Spain		2017	11/24 (9%)	^Citation63
India		2017	37/67 (55%)	^Citation69
Australia		2015	1/2 (50%)	^Citation68
Spain		2015	0/16 (0%)	^Citation120
Venezuela		2015	2/2 (100%)	^Citation59
Algeria		2014	5/25 (20%)	^Citation95
Italy		2014	6/40 (15%)	^Citation67
(b)
Qatar	2020		4/10 (40%)	^Citation36
France	2015		8/38 (21%)	^Citation94
Algeria	2014		6/25 (24%)	^Citation95

Table 4. Prevalence of MMTV-like virus in breast cancer in different populations

Country	Year	MMTV-like virus (%)	Reference
China	2021	21/119 (18%)	^Citation97
Brazil	2020	41/217 (19%) (Tissue samples) 17/32 (53%) (Blood samples)	^Citation98
Morocco	2014	24/42 (57%)	^Citation99
United Kingdom	2012	39/50 (78%)	^Citation79
Tunisia	2008	17/122 (14%)	^Citation100
China	2006	22/131 (17%)	^Citation101
Tunisia	2004	28/38 (74%)	^Citation102
Australia	2003	19/45 (42%)	^Citation103
Vietnam	2003	1/120 (1%)	^Citation103
Argentina	2002	23/74 (31%)	^Citation104
USA	2000	27/73 (31%)	^Citation105
Italy	1999	26/69 (38%)	^Citation106
USA	1995	121/314 (39%) (660-bp) 60/151 (40%) (250-bp)	^Citation107

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