Figures & data
Table 1. Vaccine immunization programs*
Figure 1. Different types/classes of vaccines. Vaccines are produced using different processes. Vaccines may contain live attenuated pathogens (usually viruses), inactivated whole pathogens, toxoids (an inactivated form of the toxin produced by bacteria that causes the disease), or parts of pathogens (e.g., natural or recombinant proteins, polysaccharides, conjugated polysaccharide or virus-like particles). Adapted from.Citation35
![Figure 1. Different types/classes of vaccines. Vaccines are produced using different processes. Vaccines may contain live attenuated pathogens (usually viruses), inactivated whole pathogens, toxoids (an inactivated form of the toxin produced by bacteria that causes the disease), or parts of pathogens (e.g., natural or recombinant proteins, polysaccharides, conjugated polysaccharide or virus-like particles). Adapted from.Citation35](/cms/asset/05e7535b-2c91-4d63-93f2-6a93f4d6fae2/khvi_a_1977057_f0001_oc.jpg)
Figure 2. A highly simplified representation of the SARS-CoV-2 cell cycle. (A1) Virus entry generally occurs via surface glycoprotein (Spike protein, S-protein) binding to ACE2 receptor, TMPRSS2 also has a critical role to play in this process. Detailed interactions between S protein–ACE2 are also shown (courtesy of Dr. Serdar Kuyucak, USyd (A2). The virus can also enter by endocytosis (B&C). Subsequently, uncoating of viral proteins, primary translation, polyprotein processing and transcription take place. (D). Translation and viral RNA synthesis then occur (E). Other key steps such as accessory protein-host interactions take place prior to assembly and viral maturation. (F). Finally, release of mature viruses occurs via endocytosis.
![Figure 2. A highly simplified representation of the SARS-CoV-2 cell cycle. (A1) Virus entry generally occurs via surface glycoprotein (Spike protein, S-protein) binding to ACE2 receptor, TMPRSS2 also has a critical role to play in this process. Detailed interactions between S protein–ACE2 are also shown (courtesy of Dr. Serdar Kuyucak, USyd (A2). The virus can also enter by endocytosis (B&C). Subsequently, uncoating of viral proteins, primary translation, polyprotein processing and transcription take place. (D). Translation and viral RNA synthesis then occur (E). Other key steps such as accessory protein-host interactions take place prior to assembly and viral maturation. (F). Finally, release of mature viruses occurs via endocytosis.](/cms/asset/60cae1bd-e2ca-4643-afbc-377ad65f9702/khvi_a_1977057_f0002_oc.jpg)
Table 2. Major approved COVID-19 vaccines for emergency use†