Determinants of hepatitis B vaccination status in health care workers of two secondary care hospitals of Sindh, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of participants (n = 252)

Characteristics	n (%)
Secondary Hospital
AKMCCC	119 (47.2)
AKHWK	133 (52.8)
Age*	36.2 (9.3) *
Sex
Male	51 (20.2)
Female	201 (79.8)
Marital status
Never married	66 (26.2)
Ever married	186 (73.8)
Education status
Postgraduate (Masters/Doctorate)	65 (25.8)
Graduate (Bachelors)	62 (24.6)
Intermediate (grade 12)	70 (27.8)
Schooling (grade 1–10)	39 (15.5)
No Schooling	16 (6.3)
Occupation
Doctor	57 (22.6)
Nurse	137 (54.4)
Allied HCW	24 (9.5)
Laboratory staff	10 (4.0)
House keeping	24 (9.5)
Working site
Labor room/OR	43 (17.1)
Urgent care services	19 (7.5)
Newborn nursery/Inpatient wards General clinics	91 (36.1) 59 (23.4)
Others	40 (15.9)
Work experience (years)*	6.5 (5.7) *
Monthly income (PKR)**	42000 (30000,80000) **
Employment status
Full-timer	216 (85.7)
Part-timer	36 (14.3)

(* Means (standard deviation)).

(** Median (25% LQR, 75%UQR)).

Table 2. Detail of hepatitis B vaccination status, knowledge score, and other recommended vaccination (n = 252)

Characteristics	n (%)
First-ever Hep B Vaccine dose received
Before working in a hospital	118 (46.8)
After working at the hospital	107 (42.5)
Not sure	27 (10.7)
Duration of the first dose received
Less than three years	56 (22.2)
3–5 years	53 (21.0)
6–10 years	46 (18.3)
More than ten years	54 (21.4)
I do not remember	43 (17.1)
Reason for getting Hep-B vaccination
Due to occupational exposure	31 (12.3)
Protect Myself or My family or My patients	91 (36.1)
Job entry requirement	103 (40.9)
Vaccination offered free	10 (4.0)
Other	17 (6.7)
HBV knowledge score (numbers) *	13.63 (2.2) *
Reason for not getting vaccinated
No any	242 (96.0)
Cost of Vaccine	3 (1.2)
Reluctant to Vaccine	7 (2.8)
Vaccinated against other (recommended) vaccine
No	31 (12.3)
Yes	191(75.8)
May be	30 (11.9)
Type of other vaccines
No any	28 (11.1)
Influenza (annual dose)	87 (34.5)
MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)/ Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria	27 (10.7)
Pertussis)
MMR/Tdap/Varicella/Meningococcal	9 (3.6)
All recommended vaccine	101 (40.1)

(* Means (standard deviations)).

Table 3. Coverage of complete hepatitis B vaccination status among five categories of HCWs

HCW	n	Not vaccinated	Partially vaccinated	Complete vaccinated
Doctor	57	2 (3.5%)	18 (31.6%)	37 (64.9%)
Nurse	137	4 (2.9%)	(30) 21.9%	103 (75.2%)
Allied HCW	24	1 (4.2%)	9 (37.5%)	14 (58.3%)
Laboratory staff	10	2 (20.0%)	4 (40.0%)	4 (40.0%)
House keeping Staff	24	1 (4.2%)	6 (25.0%)	17 (70.8%)
Total	252	10 (4.0%)	67 (26.6%)	175 (69.4%)

Table 4. Multivariable ordinal regression reporting adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI for covariates associated with Hepatitis B Vaccination status in HCWs

Characteristics	Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Sex Male (Ref.) Female	- 1.2 (1.04-3.4)	<0.001
Duration of the first dose received. Less than three years (Ref.) 3-5 years 6-10 years More than ten years	- 1.8 (0.8-3.9) 1.8 (0.8-4.1) 3.6 (2.8-6.9)	<0.001
Type of other vaccines All recommended Vaccines (Ref.) No Influenza/MMR/ Tdap/Varicella/ Meningococcal	- 0.07 (0.02-0.2) 0.4 (0.2-0.8)	<0.001
Reason for getting vaccinated. Vaccination offered free (Ref.) Due to occupational exposure Protect Myself/My family/My patients. Job entry requirement	- 2.4 (1.7-8.4) 4.9 (1.6-5.4) 4.6 (1.6-5.3)	<0.001
Working site Newborn Nursery/Inpatient wards (Ref.) Labor room/OR Urgent care services General Clinics Others	- 2.7 (1.1-7.3) 1.7 (1.5-5.6) 2.7 (1.1-6.8) 0.7 (0.3-1.7)	<0.001
Secondary hospital with time to the first dose received. Vaccine received after working at the Aga Khan hospital Hyderabad (Ref.) Vaccine received before working in Aga Khan hospital Hyderabad Vaccine received after working at the Aga Khan hospital Karachi Vaccine received before working in Aga Khan hospital Karachi	- 1.3 (0.5-3.2) 0.7 (0.3-1.6) 4.3 (1.7-4.9)	<0.001

The interaction term was added in the model and calculated the Odds Ratio with their confidence intervals by fixing variable secondary hospitals, taking Aga Khan hospital Hyderabad, and working to the hospital as a reference category.

Table

AIC	Akaike’s Information Criterion
AKHWK	Aga Khan Hospital for Women Karimabad Karachi Sindh, Pakistan
AKMCCC	Aga Khan Maternal and Child Care Center Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan
BIC	Bayesian Information Criterion
CDC	Center for Disease Control
CI	Confidence Interval
COO	Chief Operating Officer
ERC	Ethical Review Committee
HBV	Hepatitis B Virus
HCWs	Health Care Workers
LMICs	Low middle-income countries
MMR	Measles, Mumps, Rubella
OR	Odds Ratio
Tdap	Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis

Availability of data and materials

The datasets for this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.