Influenza vaccination uptake and its determinants during the 2019-2020 and early 2020-2021 flu seasons among migrants in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional survey

Figures & data

Table 1. Respondent characteristics and flu vaccination status, n (%)

Characteristics	Total	Flu vaccination during the 2019–2020 flu season		Flu vaccination during the early 2020–2021 season
		Yes	No	Yes	No
Total	2126	558 (26.25)	1568(73.75)	519(24.41)	1607(75.59)
Gender		p = .755		p = .671
Male	1070(50.33)	284(26.54)	786(73.46)	257(24.02)	813(75.98)
Female	1056(49.67)	274(25.95)	782(74.05)	262(24.81)	794(75.19)
Age (years)		p < .001		p < .001
≤25	491(23.1)	136(27.7)	355(72.3)	121(24.64)	370(75.36)
26–35	987(46.43)	316(32.02)	671(67.98)	288(29.18)	699(70.82)
36–45	375(17.64)	79(21.07)	296(78.93)	74(19.73)	301(80.27)
>45	273(12.84)	27(9.89)	246(90.11)	36(13.19)	237(86.81)
Marital status		p = .017		p = .005
Single	620(29.16)	161(25.97)	459(74.03)	145(23.39)	475(76.61)
Married	1441(67.78)	370(25.68)	1071(74.32)	347(24.08)	1094(75.92)
Divorced or widow	65(3.06)	27(41.54)	38(58.46)	27(41.54)	38(58.46)
Number of household members		p < .001		p < .001
1	292(13.73)	46(15.75)	246(84.25)	45(15.41)	247(84.59)
2	455(21.4)	103(22.64)	352(77.36)	98(21.54)	357(78.46)
≥3	1379(64.86)	409(29.66)	970(70.34)	376(27.27)	1003(72.73)
Education		p < .001		p < .001
Primary school or below	94(4.42)	12(12.77)	82(87.23)	14(14.89)	80(85.11)
Middle school	458(21.54)	73(15.94)	385(84.06)	62(13.54)	396(86.46)
High school	584(27.47)	152(26.03)	432(73.97)	131(22.43)	453(77.57)
Bachelor degree or above	990(46.57)	321(32.42)	669(67.58)	312(31.52)	678(68.48)
Monthly personal income (Chinese Yuan)		p < .001		p < .001
≤2500	204(9.6)	35(17.16)	169(82.84)	30(14.71)	174(85.29)
2501–5000	585(27.52)	106(18.12)	479(81.88)	98(16.75)	487(83.25)
5001–7500	726(34.15)	206(28.37)	520(71.63)	194(26.72)	532(73.28)
7501–10000	347(16.32)	108(31.12)	239(68.88)	98(28.24)	249(71.76)
>10000	264(12.42)	103(39.02)	161(60.98)	99(37.5)	165(62.5)
Workplace		p < .001		p < .001
Manufacturing industry (such as factories)	266(12.51)	79(29.7)	187(70.3)	74(27.82)	192(72.18)
Food market or supermarket	334(15.71)	34(10.18)	300(89.82)	33(9.88)	301(90.12)
Small service industry (such as catering or express delivery)	514(24.18)	201(39.11)	313(60.89)	192(37.35)	322(62.65)
Company or government agency	768(36.12)	206(26.82)	562(73.18)	182(23.7)	586(76.3)
Unemployed	105(4.94)	12(11.43)	93(88.57)	17(16.19)	88(83.81)
Others	139(6.54)	26(18.71)	113(81.29)	21(15.11)	118(84.89)
Self-rated health status		p < .001		p < .001
Fair or poor	421(19.80)	73(17.34)	348(82.66)	65(15.44)	356(84.56)
Good	1705(80.20)	485(28.45)	1220(71.55)	454(26.63)	1251(73.37)
Perceived susceptibility to flu				p < .001
Low	1506(70.84)	/		252(16.73)	1254(83.27)
High	620(29.16)	/		267(43.06)	353(56.94)
Perceived susceptibility to COVID-19				p < .001
Low	1810(85.14)	/		321(17.73)	1489(82.27)
High	316(14.86)	/		198(62.66)	118(37.34)
Medical consulting about COVID-19				p < .001
Yes	968(45.53)	/		419(43.29)	549(56.71)
No	1158(54.47)	/		100(8.64)	1058(91.36)

p value from Chi-square test.

Table 2. Factors associated with flu vaccination

Variables (reference)	Flu vaccination during 2019–2020 flu season (yes vs no)	Flu vaccination during the early 2020–2021 flu season (yes vs no)
	Basic model	Basic model	Additional model
Female	1.31(1.05–1.63)*	1.41(1.13–1.77)**	1.47(1.14–1.90)**
Age (≤25, years)
26–35	0.84(0.62–1.14)	0.83(0.61–1.13)	0.77(0.55–1.08)
36–45	0.54(0.37–0.80)**	0.59(0.39–0.89)*	0.70(0.44–1.09)
>45	0.34(0.20–0.58)**	0.59(0.36–0.98)*	0.99(0.58–1.70)
Marital status (single)
Married	1.17(0.87–1.56)	1.2(0.89–1.61)	1.19(0.85–1.66)
Divorced or widow	3.06(1.66–5.62)**	3.16(1.72–5.79)**	2.04(1.02–4.10)*
Number of household members (1)
2	1.94(1.28–2.95)**	1.78(1.17–2.71)**	1.33(0.84–2.11)
≥3	2.51(1.74–3.63)**	2.22(1.53–3.22)**	1.56(1.04–2.34)*
Education (primary school or below)
Middle school	0.7(0.34–1.45)	0.56(0.28–1.13)	0.65(0.30–1.39)
High school	0.92(0.45–1.89)	0.8(0.40–1.58)	0.88(0.41–1.87)
Bachelor degree or above	1.02(0.49–2.12)	1.12(0.56–2.25)	1.13(0.53–2.44)
Monthly personal income (≤2500 Chinese Yuan)
2501–5000	0.79(0.50–1.25)	0.96(0.60–1.55)	0.82(0.49–1.35)
5001–7500	1.22(0.77–1.92)	1.55(0.96–2.48)	1.16(0.70–1.94)
7501–10000	1.54(0.95–2.51)	1.8(1.08–3.00)*	1.08(0.62–1.88)
>10000	2.41(1.45–4.01)**	3.06(1.81–5.19)**	2.16(1.22–3.83)**
Workplace (Manufacturing industry)
Food market or supermarket	0.28(0.17–0.45)**	0.27(0.17–0.44)**	0.37(0.21–0.63)**
Small service industry	1.25(0.89–1.76)	1.21(0.86–1.72)	0.99(0.66–1.47)
Company or government agency	0.54(0.38–0.76)**	0.46(0.32–0.65)**	0.68(0.46–1.02)
Unemployed	0.26(0.13–0.53)**	0.44(0.23–0.82)**	0.55(0.28–1.08)
Others	0.46(0.27–0.78)**	0.38(0.21–0.66)**	0.55(0.30–1.01)
Poor or fair self-rated health	0.56(0.42–0.75)**	0.52(0.38–0.70)**	0.52(0.38–0.73)**
Perceived high susceptibility to flu	/	/	1.68(1.28–2.21)**
Perceived high susceptibility to COVID-19	/	/	4.32(3.08–6.04)**
Consulted medical professional about COVID-19	/	/	5.41(4.16–7.03)**

Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were presented. Significance level: ** p < .01, * p < .05.

Data availability statement

The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.