Assessment of the relationship between COVID-19 risk perception and vaccine acceptance: a cross-sectional study in Jordan

Figures & data

Table 1. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and risk perception mean scores across sociodemographic characteristics

Characteristic		n (%)	Risk perception of COVID 19 pandemic score Mean (SD)	P value	COVID-19 vaccine acceptance n (%)
Gender	Female	2304 (73.8%)	4.9 (1.87)	.001	1650 (71.6%)
	Male	817 (26.2%)	4.6 (1.91)		618 (75.6%)
Age group	18–24 years	1521 (48.7%)	4.7 (1.87)	<.001	1188 (78.1%)
	25–34 years	572 (18.3%)	4.7 (1.95)		406 (71%)
	35–44 years	419 (13.4%)	4.6 (1.89)		277 (66.1%)
	45–54 years	376 (12%)	4.3 (1.99)		242 (64.4%)
	55 years and more	233 (7.5%)	4.4 (1.81)		155 (66.5%)
Region	North	1106 (35.4%)	4.7 (1.88)	.218	825 (74.6%)
	Central	1845 (59.2%)	4.6 (1.91)		1317 (71.4%)
	South	170 (5.4%)	4.7 (1.91)		126 (74.1%)
Income	Low income	348 (11.2%)	4.8 (1.89)	.093	250 (71.8%)
	Lower middle and upper middle income	2061 (66%)	4.6 (1.91)		1498 (72.7%)
	High income	712 (22.8%)	4.6 (1.87)		520 (73%)
Marital status	Single/never married	1966 (63%)	4.7 (1.90)	.062	1486 (75.6%)
	Married/previously married	1155 (37%)	4.6 (1.91)		782 (67.7%)
Number of family members living together	1–3	498 (16%)	4.7 (1.92)	.064	358 (71.9%)
	4–6	1551 (49.7%)	4.6 (1.94)		1131 (72.9%)
	7 and more	1072 (34.3%)	4.7 (1.84)		779 (72.7%)
Living with children (less than 18 years old)	Yes	2167 (69.4%)	4.7 (1.90)	.751	1601 (73.9%)
	No	954 (30.6%)	4.6 (1.92)		667 (69.9%)
Living with elderly (over 65 years old)	Yes	858 (27.5%)	4.7 (1.96)	.872	617 (71.9%)
	No	2263 (72.5%)	4.6 (1.88)		1651 (73%)
Level of education	Up to secondary school	717 (23%)	4.6 (1.89)	.194	536 (74.8%)
	Undergraduate degree	2076 (66.5%)	4.7 (1.91)		1501 (72.3%)
	Graduate Degree	328 (10.5)	4.6 (1.88)		231 (70.4%)
Healthcare practitioner	Yes	933 (29.9%)	4.7 (1.86)	.751	696 (74.6%)
	No	2188 (70.1%)	4.6 (1.92)		1572 (71.8%)
Presence of chronic conditions	Yes	886 (28.4%)	4.7 (1.92)	.918	322 (71.6%)
	No	2235 (71.6%)	4.7 (1.90)		1946 (72.9%)
Smoker	Yes	886 (28.4%)	4.8 (1.92)	.005	663 (74.8%)
	No	2235 (71.6%)	4.6 (1.89)		1605 (71.8%)
Employment status	Employed	1083 (34.7%)	4.6 (1.89)	.194	755 (69.7%)
	Unemployed	1846 (59.1%)	4.7 (1.91)		1383 (74.9%)
	Retired	192 (6.2%)	4.6 (1.88)		130 (67.7%)
Have you been sick with novel coronavirus/COVID-19?	Yes	458 (14.7%)	4.6 (1.91)	.217	335 (73.1%)
	No	2100 (67.3%)	4.6 (1.92)		1515 (72.1%)
	Not sure	560 (18%)	4.8 (1.84)		415 (74.1%)
Do you know in your immediate social network anyone sick with novel coronavirus/COVID-19?	Yes	2143 (68.7%)	4.6 (1.89)	.641	1564 (73%)
	No	733 (23.4%)	4.7 (1.93)		521 (71.1%)
	Not sure	245 (7.9%)	4.7 (1.96)		183 (74.7%)
Do you know in your immediate social network anyone who passed away because of novel coronavirus/COVID-19	Yes	741 (23.7%)	4.6 (1.94)	.464	543 (73.3%)
	No	2380 (76.3%)	4.7 (1.89)		1725 (72.5%)

Table 2. Participants’ views on COVID-19 administration and enforcement

Item		n (%)
Who should be authorized to administer COVID-19 vaccine	Physicians	2,658 (85.2%)
	Nurses	1,429 (45.8%)
	Pharmacists	945 (30.3%)
From whom would you take recommendations to take COVID-19 vaccine	Physician	2,134 (68.4%)
	Nurses	320 (10.3%)
	Pharmacists	639 (20.5%)
	Family and friends	304 (9.7%)
	Not willing to take the vaccine no matter who recommends it	853 (27.3%)
Government should enforce COVID-19 vaccine on citizens		916 (29.4%)
Employers should enforce COVID-19 vaccine on employees		1,012 (32.4%)

Table 3. Factors related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy

Item	All participants Mean (SD)	Willing to take the vaccine group Mean (SD)	Not willing to take the vaccine group Mean (SD)	P value
It is possible that COVID19 vaccine will cause side effects	2.7 (0.84)	2.5 (0.78)	3.0 (0.92)	<.001
It is possible that COVID19 vaccine will make me sick	2.4 (0.88)	2.3 (0.80)	2.9 (0.91)	<.001
It is possible that COVID19 vaccine will cause death	3.1 (0.93)	2.9 (0.85)	2.5 (0.99)	<.001
I believe that COVID19 vaccine will be painful	2.1 (0.86)	2.0 (0.81)	2.3 (0.95)	<.001
I believe that COVID19 vaccine will be expensive	2.4 (0.91)	2.4 (0.92)	2.5 (0.88)	.784
I will not be able to take COVID 19 vaccine due to shortage	2.2 (0.90)	2.4 (0.86)	2.9 (0.95)	<.001
It will be hard to have access to COVID 19 vaccine	2.3 (0.92)	2.4 (0.87)	2.0 (0.96)	<.001
COVID 19 vaccine will minimize the spread of the virus	3.4 (0.92)	3.6 (0.81)	2.8 (0.91)	<.001
COVID 19 vaccine will help the economy to recover	3.5 (0.93)	3.7 (0.82)	2.9 (0.97)	<.001
COVID 19 vaccine will minimize the burden on the healthcare system	3.7 (0.89)	3.9 (0.76)	3.1 (0.94)	<.001

Table 4. Binary logistic regression for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance by sociodemographic variables

		OR	SE	95% CI	P value
Gender	Male	1.220	0.098	1.007–1.479	.043
	Female	REF	REF	REF	REF
Age group	18–24 years	1.635	0.162	1.189–2.246	.002
	25–34 years	1.104	0.175	0.783–1.556	.573
	35–44 years	0.873	0.185	0.608–1.254	.462
	45–54 years	0.901	0.187	0.625–1.299	.576
	55 years and more	REF	REF	REF	REF
Living with children (less than 18 years old)		1.210	0.092	1.010–1.450	.039
Perceived risk score toward COVID-19 pandemic		1.319	0.023	1.261–1.380	<.001

Figure 1. Comparison between the rates of influenza vaccine uptake (annual or semiannual) and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among the participants based on the sociodemographic variables.