Figures & data
Table 1. Top 20 selected relevant hashtags based on their frequency
Table 2. Examples for anti- and pro-hashtags before COVID-19
Table 3. Examples for anti- and pro-hashtags after COVID-19
Table 4. Top 10 most influential users in pre-COVID-19 Twitter network according to in-degree and betweenness centrality measures
Figure 3. Visualization of pre-COVID-19 network according to In-degree. Size and color of the nodes are bigger and greener the more in-degree increases.
![Figure 3. Visualization of pre-COVID-19 network according to In-degree. Size and color of the nodes are bigger and greener the more in-degree increases.](/cms/asset/913e4467-3a71-4a90-a573-4c743e96dab6/khvi_a_2025008_f0003_oc.jpg)
Figure 4. Visualization of pre-COVID-19 network according to betweenness centrality. Size and color of the nodes are bigger and greener the more betweenness centrality increases.
![Figure 4. Visualization of pre-COVID-19 network according to betweenness centrality. Size and color of the nodes are bigger and greener the more betweenness centrality increases.](/cms/asset/47814221-0c81-4e19-86e9-5e8930d7ce97/khvi_a_2025008_f0004_oc.jpg)
Table 5. The top 10 most influential users in post-COVID-19 Twitter network according to in-degree and betweenness centrality measures
Figure 5. Visualization of post-COVID-19 network according to the In-degree. Size and color of the nodes are bigger and greener the more in-degree increases.
![Figure 5. Visualization of post-COVID-19 network according to the In-degree. Size and color of the nodes are bigger and greener the more in-degree increases.](/cms/asset/b1fcc766-55e3-4739-9d2c-ac00104753c3/khvi_a_2025008_f0005_oc.jpg)
Figure 6. Visualization of post-COVID-19 network according to betweenness centrality. Size and color of the nodes are bigger and greener the more betweenness centrality increases.
![Figure 6. Visualization of post-COVID-19 network according to betweenness centrality. Size and color of the nodes are bigger and greener the more betweenness centrality increases.](/cms/asset/4daa2eef-afb3-46d9-be30-c28fbc4d49d2/khvi_a_2025008_f0006_oc.jpg)
Table 6. Users and network statistics before and after COVID-19 in Turkey