Advances in the progress of monoclonal antibodies for rabies

Figures & data

Figure 1. Antigenic sites of RABV glycoprotein. Numerals represent amino acid residue numbers.

Table 1. Rabies mAbs licensed or in clinical development

Name	Developer	Stage	Clinical trials registry number
Licensed
Rabishield (SII RMab)	Serum Institute of India PVT. LTD. (SIIPL)	Phase 1, 2/3 clinical trials completed and licensed in December 2016	CTRI/2009/091/000465^17 CTRI/2012/05/002709^18
Twinrab^TM (RabiMabs)	Zydus Cadila in India	Phase 1/2, 3 clinical trials completed and licensed in September 2019	CTRI/2015/06/005838^19 CTRI/2017/07/009038^20
Applying for licensure
rhRIG	NCPC (China) in collaboration with MITT (USA)	Phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials completed	NCT02559921^21 ChiCTR1900023809^22 ChiCTR1900023785^23 ChiCTR1900023236^24 ChiCTR1900021478^25
In active clinical development
SYN023 (CTB011/CTB012)	Synermore Biologics in China	Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials completed and phase 3 clinical trials are planning	CTR20190281^26 NCT02956746^27 NCT04644484^28
Withdrawn from development
CL184 (CR57/CR4098)	Crucell in Netherlands	Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials completed	ISRCTN18660493^29 ISRCTN12693237^29 NCT00708084^30 NCT01228383^31

Table 2. The characteristics of different methods to obtain monoclonal antibodies

Methods	Advantages	Disadvantages
Hybridoma technique	Long history and mature technology; Operation process visualization.	Long production time; Antibodies need to be humanized; Unstable and poor reproducibility of hybridoma cells.
Antibody library technique	Low cost; Stable and strong specificity; Short production time and highly productive; Easy to humanize and restructure antibody structure.	High technical requirements; Limited by the capacity of the antibody library; If library mutations, it may be immunogenic to humans.
B cells immortalization technique	Small workload and short screening cycle; Independent of viral infection and genetic modification in vitro culture.	Insufficient numbers of B cells and antibodies; Short survival time and a limited extent in vitro culture.