Association between health behaviours and the COVID-19 vaccination: risk compensation among healthcare workers in Taizhou, China

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchat of sample size determination method.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of subjects

	Variables	All (%) (n = 581)	Vaccination (%) (n = 522)	Unvaccination (%) (n = 59)	χ^2 or T	P
Sex	Men	84(14.5)	81(15.5)	3(5.1)	4.665	0.031
	Women	497(85.5)	441(84.5)	56(94.1)
Age		31.8 ± 8.2	31.8 ± 8.2	31.5 ± 9.0	0.234	0.815
Education	Junior college and below	177(30.5)	157(30.1)	20(33.9)	0.365	0.545
	Undergraduate and above	404(69.5)	365(69.9)	39(66.1)
Position					1.238	0.538
	Doctor	131(22.5)	116(22.2)	15(25.4)
	Nurse	412(70.9)	370(70.9)	42(71.2)
	Administration and support crew	38(6.5)	36(6.9)	2(3.4)
Professional titles					23.18	<0.001
	Internship	59(10.2)	43(8.2)	16(27.1)
	Primary grade	282(48.5)	264(50.6)	18(30.5)
	Medium grade	145(25.0)	129(24.7)	16(27.1)
	High grade and others	95(16.4)	86(16.5)	9(15.3)

Table 2. Behaviors of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

Variables	All (%) (n = 581)	Vaccinated (%) (n = 522)	Unvaccinated (%) (n = 59)	χ^2	P
Always wearing masks while working				0.01	0.922
Yes	560(96.4)	503(96.4)	57(96.6)
No	21(3.6)	19(3.6)	2(3.4)
Type of masks
N95/Surgical masks	558(96.0)	503(96.4)	55(93.2)	1.37	0.241
Normal masks	23(4.0)	19(3.6)	4(6.8)
Time of changing masks				0.43	0.809
<6 h	414(71.3)	370(70.9)	44(74.6)
6 h ~ 12 h	138(23.8)	126(24.1)	12(20.3)
>12 h	29(5.0)	26(5.0)	3(5.1)
Squeezing the tip of mask when wearing masks
No	256(44.1)	231(44.3)	25(42.4)	2.75	0.431
Yes	325(55.9)	291(55.7)	34(57.6)
Masking nose and mouth
No	156(26.9)	144(27.6)	12(20.3)	1.42	0.234
Yes	425(73.1)	378(72.4)	47(79.7)
Washing hands after taking off masks
No	163(28.1)	149(28.5)	14(23.7)	0.61	0.435
Yes	418(71.9)	373(71.5)	45(76.3)
Always follow the Seven Steps method of washing hands
Yes	409(70.4)	364(69.7)	45(76.3)	1.09	0.297
No	172(29.6)	158(30.3)	14(23.7)
Always spend over 15 seconds every step of the Seven Steps method of washing hands
Yes	380(65.4)	340(65.1)	40(67.8)	0.17	0.684
No	201(34.6)	182(34.9)	19(32.2)
Always wear gloves before performing medical operations
Yes	278(47.8)	255(48.9)	23(39.0)	2.07	0.150
No	303(52.2)	267(51.1)	36(61.0)
Type of gloves
Disposable sterile surgical gloves	74(12.7)	67(12.8)	7(11.9)	6.06	0.048
Disposable rubber gloves	357(61.4)	328(62.8)	29(49.2)
Disposable film gloves	150(25.8)	127(24.3)	23(39.0)
Whether hands are washed in the follow situation
Before contact with patient	542(93.3)	488(93.5)	54(91.5)	/	0.580
Before aseptic operation	562(96.7)	504(96.6)	58(98.3)	/	0.709
After contact with patient	567(97.6)	509(97.5)	58(98.3)	/	1.000
After touching objects around the patients	550(94.7)	496(95.0)	54(91.5)	/	0.230
After touching body fluid of the patients	566(97.4)	508(97.3)	58(98.3)	/	1.000

Figure 2. Association between time of first vaccination and increased health behaviors.

Figure 3. Increased health behaviors post-inoculation compared to pre-inoculation among recipients of the COVID-19 vaccine.

Table 3. Experience of negative emotions (anxiety, panic, and fear) during working hours related with COVID-19 prevalence and vaccine inoculation

Experience of negative emotions during working hours and COVID-19 prevalence
	All (n = 592) %
Always	4(0.68)
Usually	13(2.2)
Seldom	213(35.98)
Never	362(61.15)
Experience of negative emotions post-inoculation compared to pre-inoculation among recipients of the COVID-19 vaccine during working hours.
	All (n = 230) %
Increased	15 (6.52)
Equally	121 (52.61)
Decreased	94(40.87)

Table 4. Determing whether a relationship exists between risk compensation and vaccine in different studies

Author (year)	Study design	Study period	Screened number	Setting	Relationship	Reference
Terence Wua et al(2019)	Cross-sectional study	July to December 2017	624	Hong Kong	No	^Citation20
Julia E. Painter et al(2017)	Cross-sectional study	2011–2013	505	Atlanta	No	^Citation21
Laura A.V. Marlow et al(2009)	Cross-sectional study	November 2006 to	332(study 1)	England, Scotland,
		February 2007(study 1)		and Wales(study 1)	Yes	^Citation13
		April to	360(study 2)	Southeast
		July 2007(study 2)		England(study 2)
Peter A. Newmana et al(2010)	Cross-sectional study	March 2008 to February 2009	255	Bangkok and Chiang Mai	Yes	^Citation16
Peter A. Newman et al (2009)	Cross-sectional study	August 2006 to May 2007	1164	Los Angeles	Yes	^Citation12
Noel T. Brewer et al(2007)	Cross-sectional study	Spring 1999 to fall 2000	745	Northeastern United States	Yes	^Citation22
Julia E. Painter(2017)	Cross-sectional study	Unknown	321	Atlanta, Georgia	Yes	^Citation23
Andrew J. Leidner(2020)	Cross-sectional study	2007 to 2014	12370	US	No	^Citation24
Nicole C. Liddon (2012)	Cross-sectional study	2007–2008	1243	US	No	^Citation14
Gustavo Saraiva Frio (2021)	Cross-sectional study	2015	35420	Brazil	No	^Citation11

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