COVID-19 vaccination coverage is extremely low among older population in Bangladesh: findings from a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the participants (N = 1045)

Characteristics		n	%
Administrative division
	Barishal	146	14.0
	Chattogram	98	9.4
	Dhaka	172	16.5
	Mymensingh	69	6.6
	Khulna	198	19.0
	Rajshahi	145	13.9
	Rangpur	161	15.4
	Sylhet	56	5.4
Age (year)
	60–69	790	75.6
	≥ 70	255	24.4
Sex
	Male	620	59.3
	Female	425	40.7
Marital status
	Married	799	76.5
	Single	246	23.5
Formal schooling
	No formal schooling	540	51.7
	Having formal schooling	505	48.3
Family size
	≤4	347	33.2
	>4	698	66.8
Family monthly income (BDT)
	<5000	121	11.6
	5000–10000	469	44.9
	>10000	455	43.5
Residence
	Urban	182	17.4
	Rural	863	82.6
Current occupation
	Employed	407	39.0
	Unemployed/retired	638	61.1
Living arrangement
	Living with family	992	94.9
	Living alone	53	5.1
Walking distance to the nearest health center
	<30 minute	581	55.6
	≥30 minutes	464	44.4
Problem in memory or concentration
	No problem	676	64.7
	Low memory or concentration	369	35.3
Suffering from non-communicable chronic conditions
	No	447	42.8
	Yes	598	57.2
Feeling concerned about COVID-19
	Hardly	348	33.3
	Sometimes/often	697	66.7
Feeling overwhelmed by COVID-19
	Hardly	334	32.1
	Sometimes/often	706	67.9
Feeling himself at highest risk of COVID-19
	No	760	72.7
	Yes	285	27.3
Difficulty in earning during COVID-19
	No	274	27.7
	Yes	714	72.3
Frequency of communication during COVID-19
	Same as previous	656	62.8
	Less than previous	389	37.2
Feeling isolated from others
	Hardly	718	68.7
	Sometimes/often	327	31.3
Feeling that family members are non-responsive
	No	738	70.6
	Yes	307	29.4
Feeling that they required additional care during the pandemic
	No	770	73.7
	Yes	275	26.3

Table 2. Percent unvaccinated and bivariate analysis (N = 1045)

Characteristics		N	%Fully vaccinated	%Partially vaccinated	%Unvaccinated	P
Overall		1045	23.0	12.5	64.5
Division
	Barishal	146	23.3	10.3	66.4	.367
	Chattogram	98	17.4	12.2	70.4
	Dhaka	172	25.0	11.6	63.4
	Mymensingh	69	15.9	13.0	71.0
	Khulna	198	28.3	14.7	57.1
	Rajshahi	145	24.8	12.4	62.8
	Rangpur	161	16.8	12.4	70.8
	Sylhet	56	28.6	14.3	57.1
Age (year)
	60–69	790	22.0	12.9	65.1	.412
	≥ 70	255	25.9	11.4	62.8
Sex
	Male	620	22.6	14.7	62.7	.041
	Female	425	23.5	9.4	67.1
Marital status
	Married	799	23.2	12.5	64.3	.967
	Single	246	22.4	12.6	65.0
Formal schooling
	No formal schooling	285	17.2	13.2	69.6	<.001
	Having formal schooling	208	29.1	11.9	59.0
Family size
	≤4	347	23.6	11.5	64.8	.767
	>4	698	22.6	13.0	64.3
Family monthly income (BDT)
	<5000	121	20.7	7.4	71.9	<.001
	5000–10000	469	18.3	10.9	70.8
	>10000	455	28.4	15.6	56.0
Residence
	Urban	182	35.7	11.5	52.8	<.001
	Rural	863	20.3	12.8	67.0
Current occupation
	Employed	407	20.6	15.0	64.4	.092
	Unemployed/retired	638	24.5	11.0	64.6
Living arrangement
	Living with family	392	23.2	12.3	64.5	.525
	Living alone	24	18.9	17.0	64.2
Distance from nearest health center
	<30 minute	581	24.4	13.1	62.5	.305
	≥30 minutes	464	21.1	11.9	67.0
Problems in memory or concentration
	No problem	676	22.2	13.9	63.9	.176
	Low memory or concentration	369	24.4	10.0	65.6
Suffering from non communicable chronic conditions
	No	447	15.4	13.7	70.9	.000
	Yes	598	28.6	11.7	59.7
Feeling concerned about COVID-19
	Hardly	348	19.0	12.1	69.0	.069
	Sometimes to often	697	25.0	12.8	62.3
Feeling overwhelmed because of COVID-19
	Hardly	334	21.6	11.7	66.8	.581
	Sometimes to often	706	23.7	12.9	63.5
Feeling himself at highest risk of COVID-19
	No	760	22.6	12.1	65.3	.670
	Yes	285	23.9	13.7	62.5
Difficulty in earning during the pandemic
	No	274	26.6	15.0	58.4	.082
	Yes	714	22.3	11.8	66.0
Frequency of communication during the pandemic
	Normal	656	22.3	11.1	66.6	.111
	Less than previous	389	24.2	14.9	60.9
Feeling isolated from others
	Hardly	718	23.4	13.8	62.8	.131
	Sometimes to often	327	22.0	9.8	68.2
Perceived that family members are non responsive
	No	738	22.2	13.0	64.8	.582
	Yes	307	24.8	11.4	63.8
Perceived that they required additional care during COVID-19
	No	770	22.9	13.5	63.6	.279
	Yes	275	23.3	9.8	66.9

Figure 1. COVID-19 vaccination coverage among older population in Bangladesh.

Table 3. Factors associated with vaccination coverage among the participants (N = 1045)

Characteristics		Unvaccinated			Single dose
		RRR	95% CI	P	RRR	95% CI	P
Formal schooling
	No formal schooling	Ref			Ref
	Having formal schooling	0.58	0.42–0.80	0.001	0.61	0.39–0.96	.034
Family monthly income (BDT)
	>10000	Ref			Ref
	5000–10000	1.65	1.17–2.32	0.029	0.95	0.59–1.53	.827
	<5000	1.34	0.79–2.27	0.273	0.60	0.26–1.39	.236
Residence
	Urban	Ref			Ref
	Rural	1.84	1.26–2.70	0.002	1.72	0.98–3.02	.058
Suffering from non communicable chronic conditions
	No	Ref			Ref
	Yes	0.49	0.35–0.68	<0.001	0.49	0.31–0.77	.002
Feeling concerned about COVID-19
	Hardly	Ref			Ref
	Sometimes/often	0.76	0.54–1.09	0.140	0.94	0.57–1.55	.811
Difficulty in earning during COVID-19
	No	Ref			Ref
	Yes	1.37	0.96–1.95	0.087	1.00	0.61–1.63	.992