Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the United Arab Emirates population towards Herpes Zoster vaccination: A cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Knowledge and attitudes of the participants toward HZ and its vaccine per demographic characteristics.

Variable	All	Awareness of HZ			Knowledge score of HZ		Awareness of HZ vaccine			Knowledge score of HZ vaccine		Intention to be vaccinated
	(n)	(n)	(%)	P-value	mean ± S.D.	P-value	(n)	(%)	P-value	mean ± S.D.	P-value	(n)	(%)	P-value
Age group
50-55	256	164	64.1%	0.545*	9.91 ± 6.29	0.073**	32	12.5%	0.091*	0.95 ± 1.23	0.786**	184	71.9%	0.961*
56-60	97	66	68.0%		10.61 ± 6.01		21	21.6%		1.05 ± 1.12		69	71.1%
>61	67	40	59.7%		8.34 ± 6.62		9	13.4%		1.00 ± 1.24		49	73.1%
Gender
Male	230	130	56.5%	<0.001*	9.04 ± 6.54	0.005***	32	13.9%	0.589*	1.02 ± 1.26	0.473***	167	72.6%	0.724*
Female	190	140	73.7%		10.76 ± 5.90		30	15.8%		0.94 ± 1.14		135	71.1%
Nationality
Emirati	144	70	48.6%	<0.001*	8.69 ± 6.07	0.012**	22	15.3%	0.546*	1.01 ± 1.25	0.909**	104	72.2%	0.080*
Arab expatriate	247	189	76.5%		10.58 ± 6.38		34	13.8%		0.96 ± 1.18		182	73.7%
Non-Arab expatriate	28	10	35.7%		8.86 ± 6.20		6	21.4%		1.00 ± 1.22		14	53.6%
Educational attainment
High school or below	111	56	50.5%	0.002*	8.03 ± 6.127	0.002**	17	15.3%	0.966*	0.91 ± 1.13	0.700**	80	72.1%	0.785*
Undergraduate	245	168	68.6%		10.42 ± 6.01		35	14.3%		1.00 ± 1.21		178	72.7%
Postgraduate	63	45	71.4%		10.44 ± 7.109		9	14.3%		1.06 ± 1.34		43	68.3%
Employment status
Employed	325	203	62.5%	0.167*	8.90 ± 6.05	0.106***	51	15.7%	0.337*	0.76 ± 1.05	0.035***	233	71.7%	0.902*
Unemployed	94	66	70.2%		10.10 ± 6.37		11	11.7%		1.05 ± 1.24		68	72.3%
Occupation
Medical and health care	26	24	92.3%	0.002*	16.31 ± 5.53	<0.001**	12	56.2%	<0.001*	1.88 ± 1.45	0.004**	17	65.4%	0.759*
Business	47	29	61.7%		9.31 ± 5.87		6	12.8%		0.87 ± 1.12		34	72.3%
Governmental	60	32	53.3%		8.98 ± 6.34		7	11.7%		1.02 ± 1.41		45	75.0%
Engineering and IT	64	42	65.6%		10.78 ± 6.08		7	10.9%		1.05 ± 1.15		48	75.0%
Education sector	72	51	70.8%		9.58 ± 6.06		9	12.5%		0.90 ± 1.12		51	70.8%
Arts and communication	3	3	100.0%		9.67 ± 5.03		1	33.3%		1.33 ± 1.16		3	100.0%
Others	37	16	43.2%		9.78 ± 6.15		8	21.6%		1.14 ± 1.23		23	62.2%
Insured
Yes	306	200	65.4%	0.44*	9.97 ± 6.33	0.404***	50	16.3%	0.101*	0.98 ± 1.24	0.956***	227	74.2%	0.062*
No	111	68	61.3%		9.39 ± 6.25		11	9.9%		0.99 ± 1.14		72	64.9%
History of chronic diseases
Yes	277	180	65.0%	0.707*	9.82 ± 6.24	0.983***	48	17.3%	0.026*	1.03 ± 1.24	0.291***	203	73.3%	0.416*
No	141	89	63.1%		9.83 ± 6.42		13	9.2%		0.89 ± 1.14		98	69.5%
Chronic disease
Hypercholesterolemia	110	80	72.7%	0.033*	10.64 ± 6.20	0.113**	23	20.9%	0.029*	1.16 ± 1.19	0.063**	74	67.3%	0.197*
Hypertension	155	99	63.9%	0.874*	10.14 ± 6.25	0.424**	27	17.4%	0.209*	1.09 ± 1.25	0.154**	117	75.5%	0.225*
Diabetes mellitus	96	51	53.1%	0.009*	9.18 ± 6.69	0.254**	17	17.7%	0.325*	1.04 ± 1.23	0.573**	70	72.9%	0.822*
Respiratory diseases	15	11	73.3%	0.46*	12.20 ± 5.94	0.136**	3	20.0%	0.546*	1.80 ± 1.66	0.007**	12	80.0%	0.483*
Coronary artery disease	7	6	85.7%	0.232*	8.86 ± 5.70	0.682**	0	0.0%	0.269*	1.29 ± 1.38	0.503**	4	57.1%	0.379*
Depression	3	2	66.7%	0.933*	14.33 ± 2.08	0.213**	0	0.0%	0.472*	0.67 ± 0.58	0.650**	2	66.7%	0.836*
Hypothyroidism	25	16	64.0%	0.97*	10.76 ± 7.07	0.442**	2	8.0%	0.336*	0.68 ± 1.11	0.198**	18	72.0%	0.999*
Arthritic diseases	61	44	72.1%	0.17*	8.87 ± 6.15	0.202**	6	9.8%	0.255*	0.84 ± 1.16	0.310**	39	63.9%	0.128*
Others	19	10	52.6%	0.275*	8.79 ± 7.02	0.466**	2	10.5%	0.607*	1.21 ± 1.48	0.395**	16	84.2%	0.225*
History of chickenpox
Yes	221	146	66.1%	0.385*	10.58 ± 6.01	0.001**	35	15.8%	0.179*	1.06 ± 1.22	0.100**	164	74.2%	0.019*
No	123	80	65.0%		9.80 ± 6.20		21	17.1%		1.01 ± 1.22		93	75.6%
Unsure	75	43	57.3%		7.49 ± 6.80		6	8.0%		0.72 ± 1.11		44	58.7%

* Pearson’s chi-square test, ** ANOVA, *** Student’s t-test. The values in bold are those that were found to be statistically significant.

Table 2. Multiple linear regression analysis of the factors influencing knowledge of HZ and its vaccine.

	Unstandardized coefficient		Standardized coefficient	t	P-value	R	R2
	B	Standard error	β
HZ knowledge						0.401	0.161
Gender
Male	-	-	-	-	-
Female	2.472	0.658	0.195	3.758	<0.001
Nationality
Emirati	-	-	-	-	-
Arab expatriate	1.569	0.689	0.123	2.276	0.023
Non-Arab expatriate	− 0.177	1.304	− 0.007	− 0.136	0.892
Educational attainment
High school or below	-	-	-	-	-
Undergraduate	1.337	0.743	0.105	1.798	0.073
Postgraduate	1.452	1.085	0.082	1.339	0.181
Occupation
Business	-	-	-	-	-
Medical and health care	6.841	1.295	0.262	5.282	<0.001
Governmental	0.966	0.942	0.054	1.026	0.306
Engineering and IT	1.824	0.990	0.104	1.843	0.066
Education sector	0.075	0.889	0.004	0.084	0.933
Arts and communication	1.580	3.428	0.021	0.461	0.645
Others	1.846	1.105	0.083	1.671	0.096
History of chickenpox
No	-	-	-	-	-
Yes	0.447	0.692	0.035	0.645	0.519
Unsure	− 2.293	0.878	−0.139	− 2.612	0.009
HZ vaccine knowledge						0.22	0.048
Employment status
Unemployed	-	-	-	-	-
Employed	0.110	0.171	0.038	0.642	0.521
Occupation
Business	-	-	-	-	-
Medical and health care	1.035	0.267	0.207	3.877	<0.001
Governmental	0.167	0.202	0.049	0.830	0.407
Engineering and IT	0.201	0.195	0.060	1.028	0.305
Education sector	0.077	0.185	0.024	0.416	0.678
Arts and communication	0.520	0.692	0.036	0.752	0.453
Others	0.286	0.235	0.067	1.216	0.225

Figure 1. Participants’ attitudes toward HZ and its vaccine.

Figure 2. Barriers to optional vaccination in participants who are vaccine hesitant.