Understanding motivations and deterrents for COVID-19 vaccination among US working adults: A mixed method approach

Figures & data

Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and correlations.

	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21
Demographics
1. Gender^a	0.46	0.5
2. Age	37.54	10.3	−.01
3. Number of dependents	1.94	1.2	−.05	.04
Personality
4. Positive affect	3.22	0.95	−.09*	.13**	.25**
5. Negative affect	1.97	1.06	−.06	−.15**	.30**	.17**
6. Extraversion	2.83	1.04	−.08	.05	.03	.31**	−.09*
7. Agreeableness	3.66	0.84	−.04	.14**	−.10*	.37**	−.35**	.26**
8. Conscientiousness	3.96	0.93	.10*	.19**	−.18**	.07	−.59**	.18**	.40**
9. Neuroticism	2.61	1.11	.19**	−.22**	.03	−.28**	.45**	−.34**	−.45**	−.38**
10. Openness	3.47	0.93	.06	.02	−.16**	.05	−.22**	.16**	.20**	.23**	−.14**
Sources of Influence
11. Family members	3.11	1.38	−.05	.09	.12*	.33**	.15**	.11*	.17**	0.01	−.04	−.03
12. Friends	2.85	1.32	−.07	−.04	.10*	.29**	.28**	.09*	.12**	−.10*	.03	−.04	.69**
13. Colleagues	2.64	1.37	−.05	−.03	.17**	.33**	.34**	.10*	.07	−.17**	.04	−.07	.55**	.70**
14. Workplace leaders	2.44	1.35	−.09*	−.03	.18**	.36**	.38**	.10*	.04	−.23**	.03	−.06	.48**	.59**	.76**
15. Religious leaders	2.07	1.36	−.17**	−.04	.34**	.33**	.52**	.05	−.09*	−.34**	.07	−.18**	.29**	.39**	.51**	.62**
16. Political leaders	2.17	1.34	−.12**	−.09	.26**	.35**	.53**	.05	−.08	−.33**	.10*	−.12**	.34**	.45**	.49**	.58**	.72**
17. Celebrities	1.89	1.25	−.16**	−.08	.36**	.35**	.58**	.08	−.16**	−.40**	.13**	−.17**	.28**	.37**	.50**	.56**	.78**	.74**
18. Social media influencers	1.89	1.29	−.14**	−.09	.35**	.34**	.61**	.10*	−.17**	−.41**	.10*	−.19**	.27**	.37**	.48**	.56**	.72**	.72**	.86**
19. Healthcare workers	3.27	1.39	−.01	.04	.00	.23**	.16**	.10*	.13**	.02	−.01	.06	.37**	.39**	.41**	.36**	.23**	.34**	.28**	.26**
20. Strangers	1.93	1.26	−.14**	−.10*	.29**	.31**	.55**	.11*	−.14**	−.36**	.08	−.16**	.28**	.43**	.51**	.59**	.67**	.68**	.73**	.72**	.27**
21. Others	1.94	1.44	−.06	.01	.14**	.12*	.33**	−.05	−.08	−.18**	.08	−.15**	0.04	.11*	.19**	.22**	.29**	.29**	.32**	.35**	.16**	.37**
22. Vaccine Willingness	0.76	0.43	−.02	.04	−.12**	.05	−.05	.00	.13	.01	−.01	.07	.24**	.19**	.19**	.16**	.00	.11*	.00	−.02	.33**	.01	.02

N = 505.

^aFemale = 1, Male = 0.

*p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 2. Multiple logistic regression showing demographic variables relationships with willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.

	B	Exp(B) Odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Gender (male = 0, female = 1)	.31		.25
Age	.02		.27
Race			.47
White (reference group)	–	–	–
Black	–	1.54 (.74–3.22)	.25
Asian	–	.89 (.37–2.14)	.79
Education level	.27		.00**
Organizational size	.49		.01**
Married	.22		.51
Number of dependents	−.23		.05*
Industry Type			.25
Service (reference group)	–	–	–
Technology	–	1.66 (.91–3.00)	.10
Operations & manufacturing	–	1.19 (.60–2.39)	.61
Political orientation			.00**
Republican (reference group)	–	–	–
Democrat	–	3.04 (1.71–5.41)	.00**
Independent	–	2.35 (1.10–5.00)	.03*
Religion			.08
Christian (reference group)	–	–	–
Catholic	–	1.00 (.55–1.84)	.99
Other religions	–	2.02 (1.05–3.89)	.03*

N = 505. *p < .05. **p < .01. No control variables were included.

Table 3. The effects of big five personality variables on willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.

Personality Variables	B	S.E.	Wald	Exp(B)
Extraversion	−.06	.11	.28	.94
Agreeableness	.45**	.15	9.08	1.57
Conscientiousness	−.12	.13	.88	.88
Neuroticism	.08	.12	.52	1.09
Openness to new experiences	.15	.12	1.62	1.17

N = 505. **p < .01. No control variables were included.

Table 4. The effects of influence sources on willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.

Influence Sources	B	S.E.	Wald	Exp(B)
Family members	.30*	.14	4.91	1.35
Friends	−.07	.16	.20	.93
Colleagues	.20	.17	.46	1.22
Workplace leaders	.37*	.18	4.08	1.44
Religious leaders	−.33	.18	3.49	.72
Political leaders	.46**	.20	5.51	1.58
Celebrities	−.15	.23	.42	.86
Social media influencers	−.42*	.21	3.84	.66
Healthcare workers	.49**	.11	20.13	1.63
Strangers	−.30	.18	2.70	.74
Others	.04	0.10	.14	1.04

N = 505. *p < .05. **p < .01. No control variables were included.

Table 5. Reasons behind people’s willingness/unwillingness to get a COVID-19 vaccine.

Willing to get a COVID-19 Vaccine (N = 327)		Unwilling to get a COVID-19 Vaccine (N = 161)
Reasons provided	Frequencies	Reasons provided	Frequencies
To protect myself	207	Side effects concerns/safety concerns/adverse effect concerns	28
The vaccines are effective and safe; I understand the science behind COVID-19 vaccines	104	Lack of research evidence (Unknown long-term effects)	21
To protect others	100	Rushed vaccine development	15
To go back to normal (e.g., travel, dining out)	37	No specific reasons	13
No specific reasons	33	Anti-vaccines (Strong belief in their health and natural recovery; e.g., autism)	10
To end the pandemic and reduce the spread of COVID-19	31	COVID has a high recovery rate (don’t see it as a high-risk virus)	8
It is the right thing to do	21	History of having adverse reactions to vaccines	6
I will be getting one, but I am still worried about potential safety issues	9	Belief in vaccine ineffectiveness (e.g., due to COVID mutations)	5
To socialize with others	7	Undecided/unsure	5
Undecided/unsure	7	Others (not relevant)	4
Don’t want to worry	7	I am a healthy person and don’t need a vaccine.	4
For work	7	Lack of trust in the pharmaceutical industry	2
To help boost economy for society	5	I am pregnant	2
Others (not relevant)	3	I am worried about unexpected insurance costs	1
Because I trust experts	3	I am concerned about complex views and conflicting information	1
To follow government rules	2	I don’t accept that policy (mistakenly thinking that vaccine is mandated)	1