The choice of Taiwanese college students to vaccinate against severe special infectious pneumonia COVID-19 based on the integrated theory of planning behavior

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schema of research structure model and hypotheses.

Table 1. Weights and loading of measures (n = 707).

Construct	Item	Loading	Mean	VIF	STDEV	T Statistics
Self-interest (SI)	SI1	0.795	0.796	1.645	0.018	45.118
	SI2	0.758	0.757	1.592	0.025	30.207
	SI3	0.663	0.662	1.312	0.035	18.948
	SI4*	0.496*	0.494	1.243	0.049	10.023
	SI5	0.722	0.721	1.371	0.027	27.127
Altruism (AL)	AL1	0.913	0.912	1.869	0.011	80.250
	AL2	0.921	0.921	1.869	0.009	106.137
Benefit Society (BS)	BS1	0.827	0.825	1.936	0.025	33.054
	BS2	0.849	0.847	2.022	0.020	41.550
	BS3	0.806	0.807	1.329	0.022	37.129
Primary Group (PG)	PG1	0.682	0.682	1.430	0.034	20.027
	PG2	0.890	0.890	3.114	0.011	78.991
	PG3	0.890	0.890	3.272	0.011	78.960
	PG4	0.824	0.823	1.876	0.015	53.193
Secondary Group (SG)	SG1	0.765	0.763	1.965	0.020	37.647
	SG2	0.704	0.703	1.738	0.027	26.171
	SG3	0.657	0.656	1.527	0.029	22.445
	SG4	0.780	0.779	1.957	0.022	35.087
	SG5	0.824	0.824	2.934	0.017	48.105
	SG6	0.827	0.827	2.914	0.016	50.300
Self-efficacy (SE)	SE1	0.860	0.857	2.335	0.022	38.903
	SE2	0.805	0.806	1.798	0.021	39.167
	SE3	0.820	0.814	2.479	0.029	28.085
	SE4	0.808	0.805	2.323	0.029	28.360
	SE5	0.782	0.778	1.902	0.035	22.314
Facilitating Condition (FC)	FC1	0.706	0.708	1.451	0.029	24.011
	FC2	0.671	0.674	1.343	0.031	21.552
	FC3	0.819	0.817	2.192	0.022	37.169
	FC4	0.830	0.828	2.593	0.020	40.973
	FC5	0.816	0.814	2.609	0.025	33.149
Attitude (AT)	AT1	0.776	0.775	1.903	0.026	30.300
	AT2	0.836	0.835	2.297	0.015	54.859
	AT3	0.810	0.809	1.957	0.018	46.231
	AT4	0.822	0.822	2.066	0.018	46.257
	AT5	0.799	0.799	1.902	0.016	48.778
Subjective Norm (SN)	SN1	0.735	0.732	1.297	0.034	21.837
	SN2	0.852	0.852	2.273	0.018	47.506
	SN3	0.902	0.902	2.538	0.011	83.295
Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)	PBC1	0.846	0.843	1.545	0.017	51.122
	PBC2	0.872	0.872	1.677	0.014	62.535
	PBC3	0.636	0.650	1.216	0.059	10.768
COVID-19 Information Asymmetry (COIA)	CO-IS 1	0.793	0.793	1.927	0.019	42.636
	CO-IS 2	0.773	0.772	1.965	0.024	32.502
	CO-IS 3	0.844	0.844	2.321	0.015	55.553
	CO-IS 4	0.879	0.879	2.994	0.011	82.777
	CO-IS 5	0.840	0.841	2.543	0.013	63.602
Behavioral Intention (BI)	BI1	0.915	0.914	2.960	0.010	94.315
	BI2	0.935	0.935	3.648	0.009	98.946
	BI3	0.909	0.909	2.795	0.012	74.324

Both standard deviation and t-values are for loadings, VIF < 5.

*SI 4 Loading = 0.496 is rounded to 0.5, so this disguise is not deleted.

Table 2. Results of reliabilities and AVE. (n = 707).

Measures construct	Cronbach’s Alpha	rho_A	Composite Reliability	AVE
Self-interest (SI)	0.731	0.763	0.820	0.500
Altruism (AL)	0.811	0.812	0.914	0.841
Benefit Society (BS)	0.772	0.779	0.867	0.685
Primary Group (PG)	0.841	0.854	0.895	0.682
Secondary Group (SG)	0.854	0.864	0.892	0.581
Self-efficacy (SE)	0.876	0.893	0.908	0.665
Facilitating Condition (FC)	0.827	0.827	0.879	0.595
Attitude (AT)	0.868	0.868	0.904	0.654
Subjective Norm (SN)	0.774	0.779	0.871	0.693
Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)	0.701	0.749	0.832	0.627
COVID-19 Information Asymmetry (COIA)	0.884	0.891	0.915	0.684
Behavioral Intention (BI)	0.909	0.909	0.943	0.846

AVE: Average variance extracted.

Table 3. Cross-factor loading. (n = 707).

Construct	Item	SI	AL	BS	PG	SG	SE	FC	AT	SN	PBC	COIA	BI
Self-interest (SI) VIF = 4.736	SI1	0.795	0.633	0.383	0.405	0.277	0.374	0.426	0.462	0.214	0.258	0.363	0.231
	SI2	0.758	0.417	0.341	0.300	0.217	0.292	0.291	0.355	0.145	0.182	0.262	0.217
	SI3	0.663	0.391	0.338	0.247	0.224	0.309	0.306	0.326	0.173	0.163	0.259	0.208
	SI4	0.496	0.204	0.210	0.127	0.084	0.112	0.115	0.205	0.064	0.065	0.186	0.101
	SI5	0.722	0.540	0.364	0.335	0.222	0.298	0.313	0.389	0.163	0.238	0.232	0.225
Altruism (AL) VIF = 4.736	AL1	0.634	0.913	0.444	0.441	0.300	0.383	0.415	0.446	0.240	0.277	0.366	0.275
	AL2	0.585	0.921	0.420	0.428	0.257	0.369	0.421	0.469	0.227	0.239	0.368	0.244
Benefit Society (BS) VIF = 4.736	BS1	0.339	0.361	0.827	0.310	0.326	0.251	0.255	0.296	0.195	0.163	0.260	0.163
	BS2	0.320	0.334	0.849	0.308	0.360	0.263	0.300	0.306	0.201	0.185	0.274	0.199
	BS3	0.502	0.453	0.806	0.391	0.363	0.312	0.412	0.381	0.158	0.187	0.336	0.211
Primary Group (PG) VIF = 2.185	PG1	0.407	0.465	0.329	0.682	0.353	0.330	0.367	0.364	0.309	0.204	0.307	0.215
	PG2	0.399	0.432	0.347	0.890	0.514	0.269	0.353	0.385	0.387	0.227	0.342	0.210
	PG3	0.352	0.386	0.332	0.890	0.532	0.259	0.326	0.341	0.376	0.233	0.377	0.183
	PG4	0.282	0.307	0.355	0.824	0.675	0.190	0.302	0.339	0.416	0.194	0.344	0.171
Secondary Group (SG) VIF = 2.185	SG1	0.301	0.312	0.410	0.563	0.765	0.253	0.368	0.304	0.356	0.163	0.352	0.204
	SG2	0.287	0.253	0.334	0.468	0.704	0.218	0.332	0.234	0.345	0.168	0.317	0.242
	SG3	0.320	0.372	0.319	0.511	0.657	0.276	0.379	0.338	0.263	0.206	0.368	0.237
	SG4	0.168	0.109	0.259	0.430	0.780	0.149	0.215	0.195	0.361	0.156	0.213	0.122
	SG5	0.195	0.195	0.332	0.477	0.824	0.205	0.322	0.237	0.370	0.155	0.253	0.115
	SG6	0.184	0.198	0.304	0.499	0.827	0.195	0.277	0.231	0.407	0.158	0.220	0.121
Self-efficacy (SE) VIF = 3.012	SE1	0.341	0.357	0.285	0.270	0.252	0.860	0.595	0.319	0.093	0.371	0.270	0.239
	SE2	0.315	0.285	0.317	0.251	0.245	0.805	0.508	0.303	0.131	0.382	0.249	0.225
	SE3	0.360	0.381	0.259	0.246	0.178	0.820	0.575	0.300	0.046	0.237	0.239	0.216
	SE4	0.379	0.329	0.237	0.244	0.180	0.808	0.554	0.330	0.082	0.267	0.305	0.275
	SE5	0.327	0.341	0.259	0.250	0.254	0.782	0.681	0.298	0.074	0.283	0.260	0.242
Facilitating Condition (FC) VIF = 3.012	FC1	0.362	0.317	0.344	0.261	0.322	0.541	0.706	0.337	0.160	0.279	0.313	0.267
	FC2	0.216	0.208	0.207	0.214	0.303	0.439	0.671	0.248	0.146	0.289	0.240	0.237
	FC3	0.380	0.397	0.296	0.332	0.284	0.632	0.819	0.344	0.169	0.227	0.358	0.285
	FC4	0.381	0.443	0.364	0.402	0.329	0.555	0.830	0.357	0.178	0.296	0.405	0.272
	FC5	0.363	0.389	0.318	0.342	0.315	0.572	0.816	0.348	0.159	0.285	0.392	0.241
Attitude (AT) VIF = 1.324	AT1	0.416	0.384	0.252	0.335	0.183	0.278	0.292	0.776	0.279	0.315	0.331	0.319
	AT2	0.413	0.416	0.296	0.370	0.228	0.286	0.343	0.836	0.243	0.306	0.390	0.269
	AT3	0.420	0.387	0.372	0.333	0.310	0.309	0.349	0.810	0.304	0.309	0.377	0.247
	AT4	0.436	0.413	0.336	0.342	0.286	0.342	0.373	0.822	0.284	0.254	0.390	0.308
	AT5	0.405	0.414	0.366	0.358	0.318	0.316	0.358	0.799	0.297	0.322	0.433	0.350
Subjective Norm (SN) VIF = 1.436	SN1	0.266	0.259	0.200	0.390	0.282	0.193	0.235	0.355	0.735	0.302	0.311	0.293
	SN2	0.169	0.208	0.170	0.365	0.414	0.044	0.151	0.269	0.852	0.111	0.258	0.187
	SN3	0.143	0.173	0.183	0.379	0.456	0.044	0.145	0.250	0.902	0.110	0.277	0.216
Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) VIF = 1.257	PBC1	0.256	0.252	0.195	0.190	0.147	0.329	0.345	0.325	0.139	0.846	0.291	0.411
	PBC2	0.243	0.256	0.178	0.242	0.208	0.370	0.317	0.333	0.203	0.872	0.296	0.382
	PBC3	0.143	0.138	0.138	0.187	0.166	0.203	0.164	0.206	0.154	0.636	0.218	0.239
COVID-19 Information Asymmetry (COIA)	CO-IS1	0.347	0.321	0.260	0.355	0.304	0.299	0.342	0.430	0.308	0.301	0.793	0.357
	CO-IS2	0.276	0.266	0.301	0.311	0.292	0.159	0.271	0.344	0.306	0.219	0.773	0.326
	CO-IS3	0.312	0.329	0.309	0.350	0.299	0.266	0.364	0.365	0.233	0.266	0.844	0.369
	CO-IS4	0.345	0.369	0.308	0.361	0.313	0.306	0.416	0.418	0.293	0.300	0.879	0.410
	CO-IS5	0.301	0.356	0.297	0.339	0.312	0.287	0.424	0.406	0.267	0.316	0.840	0.422
Behavioral Intention (BI)	BI1	0.271	0.255	0.213	0.205	0.206	0.258	0.295	0.339	0.261	0.431	0.403	0.915
	BI2	0.244	0.246	0.202	0.216	0.211	0.245	0.299	0.335	0.258	0.390	0.440	0.935
	BI3	0.290	0.279	0.230	0.222	0.191	0.303	0.338	0.349	0.248	0.409	0.423	0.909

Table 4. Correlation among constructs and the square root of the AVE. (n = 707).

	SI	AL	BS	PG	SG	SE	FC	AT	SN	PBC	COIA	BI
Self-interest (SI)	0.695
Altruism (AL)	0.664	0.917
Benefit Society (BS)	0.480	0.470	0.827
Primary Group(PG)	0.430	0.473	0.412	0.826
Secondary Group (SG)	0.309	0.303	0.425	0.640	0.762
Self-efficacy (SE)	0.418	0.410	0.337	0.310	0.277	0.816
Facilitating Condition (FC)	0.442	0.455	0.399	0.404	0.406	0.709	0.771
Attitude (AT)	0.517	0.499	0.403	0.431	0.329	0.380	0.425	0.809
Subjective Norm (SN)	0.229	0.255	0.221	0.454	0.464	0.110	0.211	0.349	0.833
Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)	0.278	0.281	0.217	0.259	0.216	0.390	0.362	0.372	0.207	0.792
COVID-19 Information Asymmetry (COIA)	0.383	0.400	0.356	0.415	0.367	0.324	0.445	0.476	0.338	0.342	0.827
Behavioral Intention (BI)	0.292	0.283	0.234	0.233	0.220	0.292	0.338	0.371	0.278	0.446	0.459	0.920

S.D.: standard deviation; the shaded numbers in the diagonal row are square roots of the average variance extracted (AVE).

Figure 2. SEM of the research model.

*p < .05 = t > 1.96; **p < .01 = t > 2.58; ***p  < .001 = t > 3.29; n.s. = not significant.

Table 5. Hypothesis testing. (n = 707).

Hypotheses		$\beta$-Value	t-value	Result
H1	SI → AT	0.287***	7.053	Support
H2	AL → AT	0.236***	6.222	Support
H3	BS → AT	0.154***	3.998	Support
H4	PG → SN	0.266***	5.777	Support
H5	SG → SN	0.294***	5.982	Support
H6	SE → PBC	0.265***	3.606	Support
H7	FC → PBC	0.075 n.s.	1.177	Non-Support
H8	AT → BI	0.096 n.s.	1.939	Non-Support
H9	SN → BI	0.088*	1.983	Support
H10	PBC → BI	0.296***	6.677	Support
H11	COIA → PBC	0.223***	3.789	Support
H12	COIA → BI	0.282***	5.939	Support

*p  < .05 = t > 1.96; **p < 0.01 = t > 2.58; ***p < 0.001 = t > 3.29; n.s.= not significant.

Table 6. Significance of mediation effect. (n = 707).

Direct effect	Std. β	t-value	Result
SE → PBC	0.265***	3.606	Support
COIA → PBC	0.223***	3.789	Support
PBC → BI	0.296***	6.677	Support
SE → BI	0.055 n.s.	1.227	Non-Support
COIA → BI	0.282***	5.939	Support
Indirect effects	Std. β	t-value	Result
SE → PBC → BI (H13)	0.078**	3.146	Support
COIA → PBC→ BI (H14)	0.066**	3.266	Support

*p  <  .05 = t > 1.96; **p < .01 = t > 2.58; *** p < .001 = t > 3.29; n.s. = not significant.

Table 7. Research model assumptions established by different stakeholders.

Hypotheses		All (N=707)	Result	Northern (M1=212)	Middle (M2=158)	Southern (M3=337)
H1	SI→AT	0.287(7.053)***	Support	0.323***	0.189*	0.308***
H2	AL→AT	0.236(6.222)***	Support	0.252***	0.285***	0.219***
H3	BS→AT	0.154(3.998)***	Support	0.096 ^n.s.	0.141 ^n.s	0.188***
H4	PG→SN	0.266(5.777)***	Support	0.322***	0.256*	0.218***
H5	SG→SN	0.294(5.982)***	Support	0.325***	0.174 ^n.s	0.372***
H6	SE→PBC	0.265(3.606)***	Support	0.321***	0.329***	0.217 ^n.s
H7	FC→PBC	0.075(1.177) ^n.s	Non-Support	0.019 ^n.s.	−0.022 ^n.s	0.176 ^n.s
H8	AT→BI	0.096(1.939)^n.s	Non-Support	0.136 ^n.s.	0.047 ^n.s	0.090 ^n.s
H9	SN→BI	0.088(1.983)*	Support	0.069 ^n.s.	0.087 ^n.s	0.110 ^n.s
H10	PBC→BI	0.296(6.677)***	Support	0.244**	0.223*	0.361***
H11	COIA→PBC	0.223(3.789)***	Support	0.255**	0.339**	0.124 ^n.s
H12	COIA → BI	0.282(5.939)***	Support	0.183*	0.381***	0.279***

*p < .05 = t > 1.96; **p  <  .01 = t > 2.58; ***p <  .001 = t > 3.29; n.s. = not significant.