Coverage of primary and booster vaccination against COVID-19 by socioeconomic level: A nationwide cross-sectional registry study

Figures & data

Table 1. Education and income level in the adult population in Norway, by demographic and health-related variables.

	N (% of total)	Mean age (y)	Male, N (%)^a yes	Oslo residency, N (%)^a yes	Immigrant background^b, N (%)^a yes	Medical risk group^c, N (%)^a yes	SARS-CoV-2^d before 2^nd dose recommendation, N (%)^a yes	SARS-CoV-2^d before 3^rd dose recommendation, N (%)^a yes
Age group 18–44 y
Education level^e
<Upper secondary	245597 (13)	34	143846 (59)	30,799 (13)	81,884 (33)	27,720 (11)	12,651 (5)	73,635 (30)
Upper secondary	399667 (22)	35	246741 (62)	37,334 (9)	67,968 (17)	38,407 (10)	13,354 (3)	123345 (31)
University short	408051 (22)	35	156539 (38)	80,897 (20)	69,592 (17)	34,794 (9)	14,001 (3)	132312 (32)
University long	198337 (11)	36	88,658 (45)	59,724 (30)	52,512 (26)	13,354 (7)	5,737 (3)	61,264 (31)
Unknown	84,583 (5)	35	47,052 (56)	18,367 (22)	81,442 (96)	3,758 (4)	5,563 (7)	29,885 (35)
18–25 y^f	516888 (28)	22	267297 (52)	74,859 (14)	85,090 (16)	38,152 (7)	31,355 (6)	168724 (33)
Income decile^g
1	182514 (10)	28	94,282 (52)	46,254 (25)	60,212 (33)	11,760 (6)	10,436 (6)	54,561 (30)
2	182514 (10)	31	88,829 (49)	34,524 (19)	76,864 (42)	15,842 (9)	12,154 (7)	62,737 (34)
3	182512 (10)	31	90,584 (50)	27,938 (15)	59,808 (33)	18,197 (10)	9,402 (5)	59,219 (32)
4	182515 (10)	32	91,035 (50)	23,463 (13)	49,399 (27)	17,100 (9)	8,009 (4)	61,387 (34)
5	182512 (10)	32	91,819 (50)	20,915 (11)	39,171 (21)	16,965 (9)	7,263 (4)	59,923 (33)
6	182514 (10)	32	92,518 (51)	20,535 (11)	32,012 (18)	16,393 (9)	6,552 (4)	58,594 (32)
7	182513 (10)	32	93,762 (51)	22,530 (12)	27,473 (15)	15,986 (9)	6,614 (4)	56,837 (31)
8	182515 (10)	32	96,394 (53)	26,423 (14)	24,705 (14)	15,382 (8)	6,345 (3)	55,923 (31)
9	182511 (10)	32	98,307 (54)	32,107 (18)	23,118 (13)	14,339 (8)	6,472 (4)	55,131 (30)
10	182513 (10)	30	98,400 (54)	39,826 (22)	20,264 (11)	13,560 (7)	7,812 (4)	56,014 (31)
Unknown	27,990 (2)	32	14,203 (51)	7,465 (27)	25,462 (91)	661 (2)	1,602 (6)	8,839 (32)
Total	1853123 (100)	31	950133 (51)	301980 (16)	438488 (24)	156185 (8)	82,661 (4)	589165 (32)
Age group ≥ 45 y
Education level^e
<Upper secondary	479142 (20)	65	222617 (46)	39,562 (8)	65,714 (14)	186645 (39)	8,456 (2)	53,277 (11)
Upper secondary	1051332 (45)	63	550630 (52)	76,170 (7)	87,579 (8)	340327 (32)	14,606 (1)	118347 (11)
University short	548744 (23)	60	227719 (41)	70,169 (13)	58,932 (11)	135619 (25)	9,269 (2)	80,833 (15)
University long	213014 (9)	59	124732 (59)	46,664 (22)	36,411 (17)	45,791 (21)	3,731 (2)	35,585 (17)
Unknown	45,300 (2)	57	24,708 (55)	9,017 (20)	37,538 (83)	9,998 (22)	2,259 (5)	10,117 (22)
Income decile^g
1	233106 (10)	64	101391 (43)	33,449 (14)	74,996 (32)	77,939 (33)	6,227 (3)	33,773 (14)
2	233106 (10)	66	102917 (44)	22,655 (10)	37,232 (16)	90,034 (39)	3,975 (2)	28,089 (12)
3	233106 (10)	65	110826 (48)	19,659 (8)	30,051 (13)	85,977 (37)	3,430 (1)	27,961 (12)
4	233104 (10)	64	115575 (50)	18,866 (8)	26,384 (11)	80,231 (34)	3,385 (1)	28,473 (12)
5	233106 (10)	63	117304 (50)	18,945 (8)	23,425 (10)	74,722 (32)	3,449 (1)	28,911 (12)
6	233106 (10)	62	117577 (50)	19,994 (9)	21,534 (9)	69,887 (30)	3,500 (2)	29,652 (13)
7	233104 (10)	61	118604 (51)	21,240 (9)	19,164 (8)	65,950 (28)	3,430 (1)	29,150 (13)
8	233107 (10)	61	119370 (51)	23,104 (10)	16,961 (7)	61,949 (27)	3,522 (2)	29,140 (13)
9	233105 (10)	60	120313 (52)	26,101 (11)	15,967 (7)	57,870 (25)	3,278 (1)	29,313 (13)
10	233104 (10)	60	122803 (53)	36,315 (16)	15,213 (7)	53,068 (23)	3,869 (2)	32,283 (14)
Unknown	6,478 (0)	54	3,726 (58)	1,254 (19)	5,247 (81)	753 (12)	256 (4)	1,414 (22)
Total	2337532 (100)	62	1150406 (49)	241582 (10)	286174 (12)	718380 (31)	38,321 (2)	298159 (13)

^aRow percentage.

^bImmigrant, or Norwegian-born with foreign-born parents.

^cRegistered diagnosis indicating elevated risk for hospitalization for COVID-19.

^dSARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by laboratory.

^eHighest attained education level.

^fIndividuals aged 18–25 y were categorized separately because many are undergoing education.

^gHousehold income.

Table 2. Regression analyses^a for completion of primary vaccination (≥ 2 doses) and booster vaccination (≥ 3 doses) against COVID-19 by sociodemographic and health characteristics among individuals 18–44 y of age^b.

		Have received ≥ 2 doses						Have received ≥ 3 doses
	N	N (%) vaccinated		Unadjusted RR [95% CI]^c		Adjusted^d RR [95% CI]^c		N (%) vaccinated		Unadjusted RR [95% CI]^c		Adjusted^d RR [95% CI]^c
Education level^e
<Upper secondary	245597	193360	(79)	1.00	(ref. level)	1.00	(ref. level)	94,102	(38)	1.00	(ref. level)	1.00	(ref. level)
Upper secondary	399667	351489	(88)	1.12	[1.11,1.12]	1.07	[1.07,1.08]	204643	(51)	1.34	[1.33,1.34]	1.23	[1.22,1.24]
University short	408051	380561	(93)	1.19	[1.18,1.19]	1.13	[1.13,1.13]	254394	(62)	1.63	[1.62,1.64]	1.45	[1.45,1.46]
University long	198337	186374	(94)	1.19	[1.19,1.20]	1.15	[1.14,1.15]	133348	(67)	1.76	[1.74,1.77]	1.55	[1.55,1.56]
Unknown	84,583	55,311	(65)	0.83	[0.83,0.84]	0.94	[0.94,0.95]	23219	(27)	0.72	[0.71,0.73]	0.99	[0.98,1.00]
18–25 y	516888	466404	(90)	1.15	[1.14,1.15]	1.10	[1.10,1.10]	250252	(48)	1.26	[1.26,1.27]	1.31	[1.30,1.32]
Income decile^f
1	182514	148030	(81)	1.00	(ref. level)	1.00	(ref. level)	77,743	(43)	1.00	(ref. level)	1.00	(ref. level)
2	182514	146265	(80)	0.99	[0.99,0.99]	1.02	[1.02,1.02]	68,995	(38)	0.89	[0.88,0.90]	0.95	[0.95,0.96]
3	182512	152519	(84)	1.03	[1.03,1.03]	1.05	[1.04,1.05]	80,890	(44)	1.04	[1.03,1.05]	1.05	[1.04,1.06]
4	182515	158389	(87)	1.07	[1.07,1.07]	1.07	[1.07,1.07]	88,308	(48)	1.14	[1.13,1.14]	1.11	[1.10,1.12]
5	182512	163001	(89)	1.10	[1.10,1.10]	1.09	[1.08,1.09]	96,080	(53)	1.24	[1.23,1.24]	1.16	[1.15,1.17]
6	182514	166308	(91)	1.12	[1.12,1.13]	1.10	[1.09,1.10]	102317	(56)	1.32	[1.31,1.33]	1.19	[1.19,1.20]
7	182513	168440	(92)	1.14	[1.14,1.14]	1.10	[1.10,1.10]	106898	(59)	1.38	[1.37,1.38]	1.21	[1.21,1.22]
8	182515	169642	(93)	1.15	[1.14,1.15]	1.10	[1.10,1.11]	108978	(60)	1.40	[1.39,1.41]	1.22	[1.21,1.23]
9	182511	170355	(93)	1.15	[1.15,1.15]	1.10	[1.10,1.11]	111081	(61)	1.43	[1.42,1.44]	1.23	[1.22,1.24]
10	182513	170963	(94)	1.16	[1.15,1.16]	1.10	[1.10,1.10]	109433	(60)	1.41	[1.40,1.42]	1.23	[1.22,1.24]
Unknown	27,990	19,587	(70)	0.86	[0.86,0.87]	1.03	[1.02,1.04]	9,235	(33)	0.78	[0.76,0.79]	1.08	[1.06,1.10]
Gender
Female	902990	815029	(90)			1.00	(ref. level)	506456	(56)			1.00	(ref. level)
Male	950133	818470	(86)			0.97	[0.96,0.97]	453502	(48)			0.85	[0.85,0.85]
Age (y)
<29	795129	709521	(89)			1.00	(ref. level)	381539	(48)			1.00	(ref. level)
30–39	718267	622638	(87)			0.99	[0.99,0.99]	368785	(51)			1.09	[1.08,1.09]
40–44	339727	301340	(89)			1.01	[1.01,1.01]	209634	(62)			1.28	[1.27,1.29]
Immigrant status
Non-immigrant	1414635	1305930	(92)			1.00	(ref. level)	814090	(58)			1.00	(ref. level)
Immigrant	385884	283160	(73)			0.84	[0.84,0.84]	126337	(33)			0.68	[0.67,0.68]
Immigrant parents^g	52,604	44,409	(84)			0.92	[0.92,0.93]	19,531	(37)			0.79	[0.78,0.80]
Residency in Oslo
No	1551143	1364389	(88)			1.00	(ref. level)	802262	(52)			1.00	(ref. level)
Yes	301980	269110	(89)			1.03	[1.03,1.03]	157696	(52)			1.10	[1.09,1.10]
Medical risk group^h
No	1696938	1488843	(88)			1.00	(ref. level)	859305	(51)			1.00	(ref. level)
Yes	156185	144656	(93)			1.04	[1.04,1.04]	100653	(64)			1.20	[1.20,1.20]
SARS-CoV-2^i before 2^nd dose recommendation
No	1770462	1564977	(88)			1.00	(ref. level)
Yes	82,661	68,522	(83)			0.98	[0.98,0.98]
SARS-CoV-2^i before 3^rd dose recommendation
No	1263958							819253	(65)			1.00	(ref. level)
Yes	589165							140705	(24)			0.38	[0.37,0.38]
Total
	1853123	1633499	(88)					959958	(52)

^aModified Poisson regression.

^bAll COVID-19 vaccination by 25 August 2022 among all Norwegian residents in the age bracket.

^cRR = relative risk ratio, CI = confidence interval.

^dMutually adjusted for all tabulated variables.

^eHighest attained education level.

^fHousehold income.

^gNorwegian-born with immigrant parents.

^hRegistered diagnosis indicating elevated risk of hospitalization for COVID-19.

ⁱSARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by laboratory.

Table 3. Regression analyses^a for completion of primary vaccination (≥ 2 doses) and booster vaccination (≥ 3 doses) against COVID-19 by sociodemographic and health characteristics among individuals ≥ 45 y of age^b.

		Have received ≥ 2 doses						Have received ≥ 3 doses
	N	N (%) vaccinated		Unadjusted RR [95% CI]^c		Adjusted^d RR [95% CI]^c		N (%) vaccinated		Unadjusted RR [95% CI]^c		Adjusted^d RR [95% CI]^c
Education level^e
<Upper secondary	479142	441484	(92)	1.00	(ref. level)	1.00	(ref. level)	383656	(80)	1.00	(ref. level)	1.00	(ref. level)
Upper secondary	1051332	996830	(95)	1.03	[1.03,1.03]	1.01	[1.01,1.01]	905442	(86)	1.08	[1.07,1.08]	1.04	[1.04,1.04]
University short	548744	526640	(96)	1.04	[1.04,1.04]	1.02	[1.02,1.02]	480487	(88)	1.09	[1.09,1.10]	1.07	[1.07,1.07]
University long	213014	204702	(96)	1.04	[1.04,1.04]	1.02	[1.02,1.02]	186606	(88)	1.09	[1.09,1.10]	1.09	[1.09,1.09]
Unknown	45,300	33,459	(74)	0.80	[0.80,0.81]	0.90	[0.89,0.90]	22,045	(49)	0.61	[0.60,0.61]	0.81	[0.80,0.82]
Income decile^f
1	233106	191490	(82)	1.00	(ref. level)	1.00	(ref. level)	149889	(64)	1.00	(ref. level)	1.00	(ref. level)
2	233106	211738	(91)	1.11	[1.10,1.11]	1.08	[1.08,1.08]	183019	(79)	1.22	[1.22,1.23]	1.15	[1.14,1.15]
3	233106	217749	(93)	1.14	[1.14,1.14]	1.11	[1.10,1.11]	193717	(83)	1.29	[1.29,1.30]	1.20	[1.20,1.21]
4	233104	221218	(95)	1.16	[1.15,1.16]	1.12	[1.12,1.13]	199259	(85)	1.33	[1.33,1.33]	1.24	[1.24,1.25]
5	233106	223066	(96)	1.17	[1.16,1.17]	1.13	[1.13,1.14]	202196	(87)	1.35	[1.34,1.35]	1.26	[1.26,1.27]
6	233106	224358	(96)	1.17	[1.17,1.17]	1.14	[1.14,1.14]	204571	(88)	1.37	[1.36,1.37]	1.28	[1.27,1.28]
7	233104	225577	(97)	1.18	[1.18,1.18]	1.15	[1.14,1.15]	207077	(89)	1.38	[1.38,1.39]	1.29	[1.29,1.30]
8	233107	226778	(97)	1.18	[1.18,1.19]	1.15	[1.15,1.15]	209618	(90)	1.40	[1.39,1.40]	1.31	[1.30,1.31]
9	233105	227866	(98)	1.19	[1.19,1.19]	1.16	[1.16,1.16]	212156	(91)	1.42	[1.41,1.42]	1.32	[1.32,1.33]
10	233104	228518	(98)	1.19	[1.19,1.20]	1.16	[1.16,1.16]	213533	(92)	1.43	[1.42,1.43]	1.33	[1.33,1.34]
Unknown	6,478	4,757	(73)	0.89	[0.88,0.91]	1.01	[0.99,1.02]	3,201	(49)	0.77	[0.75,0.79]	1.03	[1.00,1.05]
Gender
Female	1187126	1126179	(95)			1.00	(ref. level)	1018127	(86)			1.00	(ref. level)
Male	1150406	1084253	(94)			0.98	[0.98,0.98]	960109	(83)			0.97	[0.97,0.97]
Age (y)
45–49	358051	326159	(91)			1.00	(ref. level)	258095	(72)			1.00	(ref. level)
50–59	715941	666620	(93)			1.01	[1.01,1.01]	573561	(80)			1.05	[1.05,1.05]
60–69	589462	560699	(95)			1.02	[1.01,1.02]	521426	(88)			1.10	[1.10,1.10]
70–79	454492	439093	(97)			1.03	[1.03,1.03]	423330	(93)			1.16	[1.15,1.16]
≥ 80	219586	210544	(96)			1.04	[1.04,1.05]	201824	(92)			1.19	[1.18,1.19]
Immigrant status
Non-immigrant	2051358	1966624	(96)			1.00	(ref. level)	1804409	(88)			1.00	(ref. level)
Immigrant	281991	232601	(82)			0.91	[0.91,0.91]	170478	(60)			0.81	[0.81,0.81]
Immigrant parents^g	4,183	3,890	(93)			0.98	[0.97,0.99]	3,349	(80)			0.97	[0.96,0.98]
Residency in Oslo
No	2095950	1978204	(94)			1.00	(ref. level)	1784902	(85)			1.00	(ref. level)
Yes	241582	224911	(93)			1.01	[1.01,1.01]	193334	(80)			1.01	[1.01,1.01]
Medical risk group^h
No	1619152	1511225	(93)			1.00	(ref. level)	1333467	(82)			1.00	(ref. level)
Yes	718380	691890	(96)			1.03	[1.03,1.03]	644769	(90)			1.06	[1.06,1.06]
SARS-CoV-2^i before 2^nd dose recommendation
No	2299211	2181101	(95)			1.00	(ref. level)
Yes	38,321	34,510	(90)			1.02	[1.02,1.02]
SARS-CoV-2^i before 3^rd dose recommendation
No	2039373							1816052	(89)			1.00	(ref. level)
Yes	298159							162184	(54)			0.65	[0.64,0.65]
Total
	2337532	2203115	(94)					1978236	(85)

^aModified Poisson regression.

^bAll COVID-19 vaccination by 25 August 2022 among all Norwegian residents in the age bracket.

^cRR = relative risk ratio, CI = confidence interval.

^dMutually adjusted for all tabulated variables.

^eHighest attained education level.

^fHousehold income.

^gNorwegian-born with immigrant parents.

^hRegistered diagnosis indicating elevated risk of hospitalization for COVID-19.

ⁱSARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by laboratory.

Figure 1. COVID-19 vaccination coverage for ≥ 2 doses (red bars) and ≥ 3 doses (blue bars), by highest attained education level. (a) Vaccination coverage (%) for individuals aged 18–44 y. (b) Vaccination coverage (%) for individuals aged ≥ 45 y.

Figure 2. COVID-19 vaccination coverage for ≥ 2 doses (red bars/circles) and ≥ 3 doses (blue bars/triangles), by household income level. (a) Vaccination coverage (%) for individuals aged 18–44 y. (b) Adjusted relative risks for vaccination with associated 95% confidence intervals among individuals aged 18–44 y. (c) Vaccination coverage (%) for individuals aged ≥ 45 y. (d) Adjusted relative risks for vaccination with associated 95% confidence intervals among individuals aged ≥ 45 y.

Data availability statement

The data contains personal information and data access is only possible by ethics committee approval and appropriate application to the public registries used in this study. Further information is available from the corresponding author upon request.