The impact of risk perception and institutional trust on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in China

Figures & data

Figure 1. Proportions of vaccine hesitancy, risk perception and institutional trust. VH: vaccine hesitancy; RP: risk perception; IT: institutional trust. Abscissa: Categories;Ordinate: proportion.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

Variables	Mean	SD	Range
Vaccine hesitancy (VH)	0.4	0.5	0–1
Risk perception (RP)	2.5	1.1	1–4
Institutional trust (IT)	4.0	0.7	1–5
sex	0.5	0.5	0–1
age-group	0.2	0.4	0–1
ethnicity	0.9	0.3	0–1
education	2.3	1.1	1–4
income	3.2	1.6	1–5
residency registration	1.4	0.5	1–2

Vaccine hesitancy (VH) is a binary variable; risk perception (RP) has an increasing scale from 1 to 4; institutional trust (IT) is a composite indicator, with higher scores indicating higher levels of trust; sex is a binary variable, with 1 representing male while 0 representing female; age-group is a binary variable, with 1 denoting elder people of 70 years old or above, and 0 otherwise; ethnicity, a binary variable, is given a value of 1 if an individual belongs to the Han ethnicity, and 0 otherwise; education is an increasing categorical variable, ranging from 1 to 4, representing primary school and below, junior high school, high school, and college degree or above, respectively; residency registration is a binary variable, with 1 representing an individual who has an agricultural registrations, and 0 otherwise.

Table 2. Hierarchical regression analysis (dependent variable: VH).

	Stratification 1			Stratification 2			Stratification 3
	b	t	p	b	t	p	b	t	p
RP	/	/	/	−0.023***	−2.642	.008	−0.023***	−2.605	.009
IT	/	/	/	/	/	/	−0.060***	−4.255	.000
Constant	0.235***	5.472	.000	0.313***	6.008	.000	0.539***	7.258	.000
sex	0.003	0.155	.877	0.000	−0.022	.982	0.003	0.161	.872
age-group	0.267***	10.559	.000	0.258***	10.122	.000	0.268***	10.484	.000
ethnicity	0.079**	2.281	.023	0.069**	1.985	.047	0.073**	2.102	.036
education	−0.017*	−1.707	.088	−0.019*	−1.908	.057	−0.017*	−1.735	.083
income	−0.008	−1.253	.210	−0.008	−1.284	.199	−0.007	−1.171	.242
residency registration	0.074***	3.451	.001	0.072***	3.365	.001	0.072***	3.373	.001
N	2717			2717			2717
R^2	0.058			0.06			0.067
F	F (6,2710) = 27.747, p = .000			F (7,2709) = 24.833, p = .000			F (8,2708)  = 24.129, p = .000
△F	F (6,2710) = 27.747, p = .000			F (1,2709) = 6.983, p = .008			F (1,2708) = 18.108, p = .000

*p < .10, **p < .05, ***p < .01. RP，Risk Perception; IT, Institutional Trust. VH, Vaccine Hesitancy.

Table 3. Moderating analysis.

	b	t	p
RP	−0.023***	−2.62	.009
IT	−0.060***	−4.279	.000
RP*IT	0.016	1.233	.218
constant	0.542***	7.298	.000
sex	0.003	0.134	.894
age-group	0.268***	10.495	.000
ethnicity	0.072**	2.075	.038
education	−0.017*	−1.718	.086
income	−0.008	−1.202	.230
residency registration	0.072***	3.369	.001
N	2717
R^2	0.067
F	F (9,2707) = 21.622, p = .000
△F	F (1,2707) = 1.521, p = .218

*p < .10, **p < .05, ***p < .01. RP，Risk Perception; IT, Institutional Trust. VH, Vaccine Hesitancy.

Table 4. Group regression analysis.

	High RP			Low RP
	b	t	p	b	t	p
IT	−0.047**	−2.37	.018	−0.074***	−3.678	.000
constant	0.367***	3.992	.000	0.587***	5.532	.000
sex	−0.029	−0.029	.275	0.035	1.347	.178
age-group	0.267***	6.935	.000	0.269***	7.871	.000
ethnicity	0.066	1.564	.118	0.085	1.389	.165
education	−0.011	−0.748	.454	−0.023*	−1.659	.097
income	−0.006	−0.636	.525	−0.008	−0.886	.376
residency registration	0.104***	3.447	.001	0.042	1.412	.158
N	1329			1388
R^2	0.057			0.072
F	F (7,1321) = 11.415, p = .000			F (7,1380) = 15.225, p = .000

*p < .10, **p < .05, *** p < .01. RP，Risk Perception; IT, Institutional Trust. VH, Vaccine Hesitancy.

Table 5. Hierarchical regression analysis by region.

	East			Central			West
	b	t	p	b	t	p	b	t	p
RP	−0.015	−1.018	.309	−0.019	−1.303	.193	−0.033**	−2.008	.045
IT	−0.089***	−3.826	.000	−0.055**	−2.372	.018	−0.044*	−1.748	.081
constant	0.918***	6.510	.000	0.507***	3.962	.000	0.559***	4.247	.000
sex	−0.008	−0.253	.800	0.028	0.883	.378	0.007	0.194	.846
age-group	0.240***	5.824	.000	0.312***	7.228	.000	0.242***	5.082	.000
ethnicity	−0.037	−0.454	.650	0.087	1.150	.250	0.036	0.802	.423
education	−0.007	−0.474	.635	−0.031*	−1.908	.057	−0.031	−1.627	.104
income	−0.02*	−1.83	.068	−0.019*	−1.871	.062	0.007	0.610	.542
residency registration	0.04	1.180	.238	0.063*	1.742	.082	−0.017	−0.383	.702
N	1098			913			706
R^2	0.056			0.095			0.067
F	F (8,1089) = 8.052, p = .000			F (8,904) = 11.835, p = .000			F (8,697) = 6.285, p = .000

*p < .10, **p < .05, ***p < .01. RP，Risk Perception; IT, Institutional Trust. VH, Vaccine Hesitancy.