Determinants of immunization defaulters among children aged 12–23 months in Ambo town, Oromia, Ethiopia: A case–control study

Figures & data

Table 1. Variables for sample size determination for determinants of immunization defaulters among children aged 12–23 months in Ambo town, Oromia region, Ethiopia.

Main variables	% Among controls	% Among cases	AOR	Power	Non-response rate	Sample Size for		Total
						Cases	Control
PNC attend	38%	20.4%	3.05	80%	10%	69	139	208
Counseling on vaccination	38	20.04	7.17	80%	10%	34	67	101
Fear of vaccine side effects	30.7	63	3.56	80%	10%	57	115	172
TT vaccine received	49.1	64.8	2.35	80%	10%	106	211	317

Table 2. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis of determinants of immunization defaulters among children aged 12–23 months in Ambo town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021.

Variable		Immunization status		COR (95%CI)	P-Value		AOR (95%CI)
		Default N (%)	Complete N (%)
					COR	AOR
Residence	Rural	73 (68.9%)	180 (85.7%)	1			1
	Urban	33 (31.1%)	30 (14.3%)	0.369 (0.210,0.648)	<.001	<.001	0.179 (0.057,0.565)
Sex of the child	Male	48 (45.3%)	95 (45.2%)	1
	Female	58 (54.7%)	115 (54.8%)	1.164 (0.688,1.971)	.994
Age of the child	12–18	74 (69.8%)	147 (70.0%)	0.991 (0.596,1.649)	.973
	19–23	32 (30.19%)	63 (30%	1
Child caretaker	Mother	89 (84%)	194 (92.4%)	1
	Father	8 (6.6%)	7 (2.68%)	2.180 (0.837,5.678)	.111	<.001	0.288 (0.146,0.570)
	Grandparent	9 (7.5%)	9 (4.3%)	0.875 (0.222,3.451)	.849	.121	0.219 (0.021,0.521)
Mother/caretaker age	≤20	6 (5.66%)	11 (5.24%)	1	.
	21–25	22 (20.8%)	55 (26.2%)	1.364 (0.449,4.141)	.584
	26–30	37 (34.9%)	87 (41.43%)	1.283 (0.441,3.726	.647
	30–34	17 (18.02%)	33 (15.71%)	1.059 (0.033,3.358	.923
	≥35	24 (22.64%)	24 (11.43%)	0.545 (0.174,1.713	.299
Educational status	No formal education	28 (26.4%)	30 (14.29%	0.286 (0.126,0.648)	.003	.154	0.208 (0.024,1.801)
	(1-8)	34 (32.1%)	75 (35.7%)	0.588 (0.277,1.251)	.168	.930	1.122 (0.085,14.754
	(9-12)	32 (30.2%)	65 (31%)	0.500 (0.232–1.078)	.077	.434	0.444 (0.058,3.390)
	Certificate and Above	12 (11.3%)	45 (21.4%)	1			1
Occupation	Farmer	8 (7.5%)	37 (17.6%)	1			1
	Gov’t employee	23 (21.7%)	19 (9%)	1.930 (0.837–4.450)	.123	.003	0.179 (0.057,0.565)*
	Daily laborer	27 (25.5%)	39 (18.6%)	0.345 (0.172,0.691	.003.	.127	0.428 (0.144,1.273)
	Housewife	48 (45.3%)	115 (54.8%)	0.603 (0.332–1.093)	.096	.394	0.653 (0.245,1.740)
Marital status	Married	81 (76.4%)	184 (87.6%)	1			1
	Single	12 (11.3%)	13 (6.2%)	0.477 (0.209,1.090)	.079	.412	1.6240 (.510,5.173)
	Divorced	13 (12.3%)	13 (6.2%)	0.440 (0.195,0.992)	.048	.486	1.726 (0.078,3.373)
Religion	Orthodox	43 (40.6%)	78 (37.1%)	0.816 (0.816,1.362)	.437
	Muslim	18 (32.2%)	32 (15.2%)	0.800 (0.407,1.573)	.518
	Protestant	45 (42.5%)	100 (47.6%)	1
Family member in the households	≤3	14 (13.2%)	69 (32.9%)	1			1
	4–5	68 (64.2%)	93 (44.3%)	0.277 (0.144,0.534)	.001	.023	2.696 (1.143–6.358)
	≥6	24 (22.6%)	48 (22.9%)	0.406 (0.191,0.863)	.019	.320	0.714 (0.367,1.387)
Total child born by mother	≤3	85 (80.2%)	168 (80%)	1
	4–5	10 (9.4%)	22 (10.5%)	1.113 (0.504,2.457)	.791
	≥6	11 (10.4%)	20 (9.5%)	0.920 (0.421,2.008)	.834
Preceding birth interval in months	≤24	28 (26.42%)	61 (29.05%)	1	.
	25–49	65 (61.32%)	109 (51.9%)	0.770 (0.447,1.324)	.345
	≥49	13 (22.26%)	53 (25.24%)	1.412 (.654,3.048)	.379
Average monthly income	≤1000 (ETB)	38 (35.8%)	77 (36.7%)	0.392 (0.189,0.814)			1
	1001–2000 ETB	29 (27.36%)	28 (13.33%)	0.187 (0.083,0.419)	.012	.002	0.223 (0.086,0.576)
	2001–3000 ETB	27 (25.47%)	43 (20.47%)	0.308 (0.141–0.675)	.003	.004	0.250 (0.099,0.628)
	≥3001 ETB	12 (11.32%)	62 (29.52%)	1	.001	.015	0.345 (0.147,0.812)
Attended ANC	No	85 (80.2%)	193 (91.9%)	1			1
	Yes	21 (19.8%)	17 (8.1%)	2.805 (1.409,5.584)	.002	<.001	0.237 (0.107,0.525)
Received TT	Yes	84 (79.25%	184 (87.62%)	1			1
	No	22 (20.75%)	(12.38%)	0.563 (0.30,1.047)	.059	1.011	1.011 (0.335,3.050)
Attended PNC	Yes	73 (77.2%)	157 (74.8%)	1
	No	33 (81.13%)	53 (25.2%)	0.747 (0.446,1.251)	.267
Place of delivery	Home	15 (14.2%)	21 (10%)	0.830 (0.393.1.754)	.626
	Hospital	40 (37.7%)	103 (49.0%)	1.527 (0.923,2.526)	.990
	Health center	51 (48.1%)	86 (41%)	1
Time taken to vaccination site	Less than 15 minute	39 (36.8%)	85 (40.5%)	1
	15–30 minutes	45 (42.5%)	91 (43.3%)	1.410 (0.731,2.720)	.305
	30-1 hour	22 (20.8%)	34 (16.2%)	1.308 (0.687,2.492)	.413
Awareness at which child to begins immunization	At delivery	29 (14.06%)	64 (30.48%)	1
	Six week after delivery	65 (61.32%	141 (67.14%)	1.103 (0.191,6.370)	.912
	Not sure/I do not know	9 (8.49|%)	6 (2.86%	0.937 (0.174,5.435)	.975
Awareness at age the child should complete immunization	I don’t know	57 (53.77%)	90 (42.86%)	1		1
	At one year	40 (38.68%)	110 (52.38%)	0.211 (0.021,2.079	.183	.0.476	1.241 (0.685,2.247)
	After one year	5 (3.77%)	10 (4.76%	1.583 (0.474,5.289	.455	.041	0.070 (0.005,0.308
Do you know at what age to begin immunization?	Yes	79 (74.53%)	141 (67.14%)	1
	No	27 (25.47%)	69 (32.86%)	1.070 (0.872,1.313)	.520
Do children grow well with no need for immunization?	Yes	92 (86.79%	178 (84.76%)	1
	No	14 (13.21%)	32.15.24%)	1.181 (0.601,2.324)	.630
Immunizations are harmful for your child?	Yes	88 (83.02%)	185 (88.1%)	1
	No	18 (16.98%0	25 (11.9%)	0.995 (0.765,1.295)	.972
Do childhood vaccinations prevent life-threatening diseases?	Yes	92 (86.79%)	170 (80.95%)	1
	No	14 (13.21	40 (19.05%)	0.922 (0.734,1.159)	.489
Are multiple immunizations on the same visit unsafe?	Yes	68 (64.15%)	132 (62.86%)	1
	No	38 (35.85%)	48. (22.86%)	1.267 (1.012,1.588)	.338
Do vaccinations cause health problems for children?	Yes	6 (5.66%)	26 (13.38%)	1
	No	100 (94.34%)	184 (8.62%)	2.355 (0.938,5.912)	.680

CI (Confidence Interval), COR (Crude Odds Ratio), AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio), 1 = Reference.