Role of gastroenterologists and healthcare providers in promoting COVID-19 immunization among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis on a global scale

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the selected studies included in the meta-analysis and systematic review.

Author	Year	Quality	Sample	n. of hesitant patients	Third additional dose hesitants	Country	Population	Study period	Definition of VH
Mikhael E	2023	m	201	51		Lebanon	Adults	2020–2022	Vaccination Perceptions
Principi M	2023	h	346	17		Italy	Adults	April 2021	Vaccination intent
Ramos L	2023	h	254		15	Spain	Adults	October – December 2021	Third dose vaccination willingness
Cao Y	2022	h	418	263		China	Adults	January – July 2021	COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy
Caron B	2022	m	104	47		France	Adults	January – February 2021	Vaccination willingness
Clarke K	2022	h	239	118		US	Adults	January – May 2021	Hesitancy was defined to include responses of being undecided, somewhat likely to refuse or refusing the vaccine.
Costantino A	2022	h	1,252	222		Italy	Adults	February 2021	Vaccination willingness
Duong TA**	2022	m	340	116		Australia	Adults	March – April 2021	Vaccine attitude
Ferreiro-Iglesias R	2022	h	1,302	407		Spain	Adults	October – December 2020	Vaccination willingness
Herman HS	2022	h	210	25		US	Adults	May – June 2021	Vaccine hesintancy defined as: “Likely will become vaccinated later this year, but not immediately” “Unsure if they will get the vaccine” “Do not want the vaccine”
Hu S	2022	h	288	79		China	Adults	September – December 2021	Vaccine attitude
Hudhud D*	2022	m	45	2		US	Adults	unknown	Vaccine attitude
Lodyga M	2022	h	267	77		Poland	Adults	September 2021 - November 2021	Vaccine attitude
Orfanoudaki E	2022	h	1,007	493		Greece	Adults	April – September 2021	Vaccination Perceptions
Shehab M	2022	m	499		209	Kuwait	Adults	January – March 2022	Third dose vaccination willingness
Zhang E	2022	h	441	30		Australia	Adults	October 2021 - November 2021	Vaccine attitude
Crispino F*	2021	m	276	128		Italy	Adults	April 2021	Vaccination willingness
Dalal RS	2021	m	906	313		US	Adults	December 2020 - January 2021	Vaccination intent
Napolitano D	2021	m	310	262	-	Italy	Adults	Not reported	Vaccination intent
Nishida Y	2021	h	187	19		Japan	Adults	June – August 2021	Vaccine attitude
Viola A**	2021	h	523	71		Italy	Adults	October 2020 - June 2021	Patients were prospectively stratified into three categories: (1) ‘vaccinated,’ patients who had received at least one dose of vaccine or accepted the booking at the vaccination center within the study period; (2) ‘procrastinators,’ patients who temporarily did not want to get vaccinated because of concerns about potential adverse events; (3) ‘strongly opposed,’ patients who did not want to get vaccinated in any circumstances.
Walldorf J**	2021	m	1,032	428		Germany	Adults	January – February 2021	Vaccine attitude
Wu X	2021	h	543	268		China	Adults	December 2020 - January 2021	Vaccine attitude
Only qualitative studies
Bhat S**	2021	-	-	-	-	US	-	September – October 2020
Papa A*	2021	-	-	-	-	Italy	-	-
Papa A*	2021	-	-	-	-	Italy	-	-

*letter/commentary.

**short report.

Figure 1. Flowchart of the bibliographic research.

Figure 2. Forest plot of the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

Figure 3. Forest plot of the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, per continent.

Figure 4. Forest plot of the association between COVID-19 vaccine compliance and receiving advice from a gastroenterologist or healthcare professional regarding COVID-19 vaccination.