Impacts of travel duration on urban-rural resident free vaccination behavior: Chinese COVID-19 vaccine booster dose evidence

Figures & data

Figure 1. The flowchart of participants selection of this study.

Figure 2. Proportions of urban and rural residents vaccinated at different time traffic periods before and after PSM.

Table 1. Characteristics of Chinese urban and rural resident participants in 2023 follow-up study.

Variables	Urban participants N(%)	COVID-19 vaccination rate (95%CI)	p-value^a	Rural participants N(%)	COVID-19 vaccination rate (95%CI)	p-value^a
Total Urban-Rural participants = 5780	3303 (57.14)	64.49 (62.09–67.47)^b	<.001	2477 (42.86)	69.36 (67.58–72.14)^b	<.001
Sex			<.001			<.001
Men	1488 (45.04)	66.86 (64.32–69.32)^b		1225 (49.48)	71.78 (69.11–74.34)^b
Women	1815 (54.96)	65.90 (62.57–67.19)^b		1252 (50.52)	69.13 (66.44–71.74)^b
Age, years			<.001			<.001
18–29	369 (11.17)	59.10 (53.63–64.42)^b		290 (11.70)	67.41 (61.44–73.00)^b
30–39	1027 (31.09)	64.85 (61.70–67.91)^b		529 (21.35)	65.03 (60.71–69.17)^b
40–49	729 (22.07)	67.59 (63.94–71.09)^b		412 (16.63)	78.11 (73.70–82.11)^b
50–59	541 (16.37)	69.71 (65.54–73.65)^b		651 (26.27)	74.32 (70.71–77.70)^b
≥60	637 (19.30)	57.58 (55.67–62.34)^b		595 (24.05)	64.78 (62.19–70.00)^b
Ethnic			<.001			<.001
Han	3251 （98.42）	64.62 (62.35–66.64)^b		2370 (95.68)	78.52 (75.62–82.36)^b
Minority	52 （1.58）	50.00 (48.34–52.67)^b		107 (4.32)	68.91 (65.47–71.25)^b
Religion			<.001			<.001
Atheist	3216 (97.36)	65.86 (64.13–67.55)^b		2298 (92.77)	69.08 (68.19–72.05)^b
Others	87 (2.64)	63.16 (51.31–73.94)^b		179 (7.23)	73.17 (67.04–80.64)^b
Educational level			<.001			<.001
Below high school	1055 (31.94)	64.65 (61.58–67.63)^b		1432 (57.82)	70.09 (69.35–74.18)^b
High school graduate	913 (27.64)	65.81 (62.54–68.98)^b		532 (21.47)	68.21 (63.73–72.01)^b
University graduate	1335 (40.42)	66.69 (63.99–69.32)^b		513 (20.71)	72.17 (64.88–74.22)^b
Marital status			<.001			<.001
Married	2895 (87.64)	66.53 (64.72–68.31)^b		2217 (89.51)	69.33 (68.35–72.26)^b
Others	408 (12.36)	60.43 (55.27–65.42)^b		260 (10.49)	73.43 (65.24–77.08)^b
Chronic conditions			<.001			<.001
No	2749 (83.23)	66.42 (64.79–67.31)^b		2027 (81.84)	70.65 (69.59–73.65)^b
Yes	554 (16.77)	62.59 (58.33–66.72)^b		450 (18.16)	64.27 (60.37–69.54)^b
Subjective social status			<.001			<.001
Level 1	1018 (30.82)	62.94 (55.95–61.87)^b		706 (28.49)	57.82 (54.32–64.56)^b
Level 2	1055 (31.94)	65.44 (59.75–68.17)^b		845 (34.14)	65.74 (58.76–69.38)^b
Level 3	618 (18.71)	70.80 (67.97–73.52)^b		340 (13.72)	69.63 (65.43–73.47)^b
Level 4	612 (18.53)	73.28 (68.71–77.52)^b		586 (23.64)	78.41 (74.25–81.64)^b
Trust in doctors			<.001			<.001
No	819 (24.79)	53.13 (51.43–56.13)^b		452 (18.24)	54.21 (52.54–61.32)^b
Yes	2484 (75.21)	68.31 (64.51–71.94)^b		2025 (81.76)	72.76 (68.38–74.57)^b
Trust in vaccine producers			<.001			<.001
No	1454 (44.02)	58.02 (56.19–61.85)^b		737 (29.74)	57.08 (53.24–60.86)^b
Yes	1849 (55.98)	69.41 (67.19–72.73)^b		1740 (70.26)	68.25 (62.99–73.19)^b
Time to the nearest vaccination point			<.001			<.001
>30 min	382 (11.57)	48.92 (46.54–51.27)^b		376 (15.17)	64.33 (61.20–67.37)^b
15-30 min	1423 (43.08)	63.14 (60.54–65.62)^b		1145 (46.25)	71.73 (69.02–74.32)^b
<15 min	1498 (45.35)	69.61 (67.30–72.01)^b		956 (38.58)	75.45 (71.81–80.27)^b

CI, confidence interval. COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019.

We categorized the score of Subjective social status by quartiles as level 1 (<3 points), level 2 (4–5 points), level 3 (5–6 points), and level 4 (>6 points).

^aDifferences between categories within each variable.bRow percentages derived from the total number in the corresponding row.

Table 2. The relationship between free vaccination and socio-demographic characteristics, subjective social status and trust in the health system among urban and rural residents.

Variables	Urban		Rural
	unadjusted odds ratio	adjusted odds ratio	unadjusted odds ratio	adjusted odds ratio
Sex
Men	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
Women	0.98(0.80–1.25)	0.93(0.80–1.08)	0.89(0.75–1.06)	0.87(0.73–1.04)
Age, year
18–29	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
30–39	1.24(0.97–1.58)	1.30(0.95–1.79)	0.93(0.69–1.25)	1.08(0.74–1.56)
40–49	1.46(1.13–1.88)**	1.52(1.09–2.13)*	1.78(1.28–2.49)**	2.11(1.39–3.22)**
50–59	1.59(1.20–2.09)**	1.85(1.29–2.67)**	1.52(1.31–2.05)**	1.91(1.27–2.86)**
≥60	0.82(0.24–0.92)*	0.84(0.52–0.93)**	0.75(0.58–0.89)**	0.81(0.62–0.95)*
Ethnic
Han	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
Minority	0.55(0.32–0.95)*	0.63(0.36–1.13)	0.64(0.56–1.13)	0.72(0.52–1.06)
Religion
Atheist	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
Others	0.82(0.53–1.26)	0.96(0.61–1.51)	1.02(0.87–1.72)	1.08(0.62–1.55)
Educational level
Below high school	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
High school graduate	1.10(0.90–1.31)	1.16(0.95–1.42)	0.92(0.29–1.21)	0.94(0.75–1.20)
University graduate	1.17(0.93–1.30)	1.38(1.24–1.70)**	1.07(0.83–1.39)	1.12(0.82–1.41)
Marital status
Married	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
Others	0.79(0.64–0.97)*	0.97(0.72–1.30)	1.12(0.75–1.31)	1.26(0.86–1.82)
Chronic conditions
No	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
Yes	0.89(0.74–0.93)*	0.76(0.64–0.85)**	0.75(0.60–0.93)*	0.79(0.68–0.95)*
Subjective social status
Level 1	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
Level 2	1.65(1.18–2.32)*	1.48(1.16–2.61)*	1.60(1.26–2.23)**	1.41(1.09–1.83)**
Level 3	1.86(1.37–2.55)**	1.63(1.16–2.31)**	1.77(1.34–2.08)**	1.68(1.41–2.75)*
Level 4	1.98(1.49–2.62)**	1.94(1.41–2.67)**	2.66(2.08–3.39)**	1.97(1.24–2.55)**
Trust in doctors
No	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
Yes	1.89(1.61–2.22)**	1.51(1.25–1.83)**	2.26(1.83–2.78)*	1.69(1.28–2.24)**
Trust in vaccine producers
No	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
Yes	1.65(1.42–1.90)**	1.31(0.92–1.85)	1.97(1.64–2.36)**	1.52(1.19–1.94)**
Time to the nearest vaccination point
>30 min	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)	1(ref.)
15-30 min	1.78(1.91–3.02)**	1.65(1.31–2.09)**	1.41(1.17–1.69)**	1.16(1.03–1.57)**
<15 min	2.40(1.42–2.24)**	2.16(0.31–0.51)**	1.66(1.27–2.18)**	1.39(1.32–1.68)**

*p < .05, **p < .01.

We categorized the score of Subjective social status by quartiles as level 1 (<3 points), level 2 (4–5 points), level 3 (5–6 points), and level 4 (>6 points).

OR: unadjusted odds ratio.

aOR: adjusted odds ratio. Adjusted sex, age, ethnic, religion, educational level, marital status, chronic conditions, subjective social status, trust in doctors, trust in producers.