Predictors of parental acceptance to live attenuated influenza vaccine for children

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research model.

Table 1. Measurement items.

Construct	Variable	Measurement Item
Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU)	PEOU1	Nasal spray flu vaccination is easily available.
	PEOU2	Nasal spray flu vaccination is convenient.
	PEOU3	Children experience peace and quiet during nasal spray flu vaccination.
	PEOU4	Children’s nasal spray flu vaccination is easy to schedule.
	PEOU5	Children’s nasal spray flu vaccination is easily accepted.
Perceived Usefulness (PU)	PU1	The nasal spray flu vaccine provides effective protection against influenza.
	PU2	Nasal spray flu vaccination can reduce the incidence of influenza in children.
	PU3	Children who get the nasal spray flu vaccine are less likely to get the flu.
	PU4	Nasal spray influenza vaccination is effective in relieving flu symptoms in children.
	PU5	Getting nasal spray flu vaccine reduce chance of influenza spreading in classroom.
Risk Perception of Influenza Disease (RPID)	RPID1	My children are at risk of catching the flu virus.
	RPID2	Riding a bus increases the risk of catching the flu virus.
	RPID3	Attending formal parties can lead to infection with the flu virus.
	RPID4	School-age children are vulnerable to influenza virus cross infection.
	RPID5	Severe cases of influenza in children require hospitalization and can lead to death.
Health Knowledge (HK)	HK1	The flu season runs from November to March.
	HK2	Annual influenza vaccination is an effective way to control the spread of influenza.
	HK3	Antibodies are produced two weeks after the flu shot.
	HK4	Persons aged 6 months or older with no contraindications should be vaccinated against influenza.
	HK5	Getting vaccinated greatly reduces the likelihood of getting the flu.
Perceived Value (PV)	PV1	The nasal flu vaccine for children is more cost-effective than the injection.
	PV2	Nasal spray flu vaccines for children offer affordable benefits.
	PV3	Although the price is higher, the nasal spray flu vaccine for children proves to be worth it.
	PV4	The nasal flu vaccine for children is a favorable alternative.
Behavioral Intention (BI)	BI1	A nasal spray is the best choice for a flu vaccine for children.
	BI2	I agree with the nasal spray vaccine for children.
	BI3	The nasal flu vaccine for children is relatively invasive and stress-free.
	BI4	I support the nasal spray flu vaccine for kids.
Self-reported Vaccination Behavior (SVB)	SVB1	I agree to my child getting the nasal spray flu vaccine.
	SVB2	I recommend to my peers that their children get the nasal flu vaccine.
	SVB3	I recommend that my relatives’ children get the nasal flu vaccine.
	SVB4	I advocate for the nasal spray flu vaccine for my friends’ offspring.

Table 2. Socio-demographic characteristics.

Items	n	%
Gender of respondent
Male (1)	407	43.5
Female (2)	529	56.5
Age of respondent
Under 30 years old (1)	386	41.2
31–40 years old (2)	240	25.6
41–50 years old (3)	244	26.1
51 years old and above (4)	66	7.1
Gender of Child
Boy (1)	409	43.7
Girl (2)	527	56.3
Age of Child
3–6 years old (1)	474	50.6
6–12 years old (2)	356	38.1
12–18 years old (3)	106	11.3
Education Level
High school degree or below (1)	56	6.0
Vocational or College degree (2)	259	27.7
Bachelor degree (3)	496	53.0
Master Degree or above (4)	125	13.4
Annual Household income before tax
Less than CNY70,000 (1)	108	11.5
CNY 70,001–140,000 (2)	430	45.9
CNY 140,001–210,000 (3)	240	25.6
Over CNY 210,001 (4)	158	16.9
Residential District
Rural (1)	120	12.8
Urban (2)	816	87.2
Number of children
One (1)	408	43.6
Two (2)	438	46.8
Three and more (3)	90	9.6
Total	936	100

Table 3. The results of reliability and validity tests.

Constructs	Variables	Standardized Factor Loading	Cronbach’s Alpha	Composition Reliability	Average Variance Extracted
Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU)	PEOU1	0.86	0.92	0.92	0.70
	PEOU2	0.78
	PEOU3	0.87
	PEOU4	0.89
	PEOU5	0.76
Perceived Usefulness (PU)	PU1	0.83	0.91	0.91	0.66
	PU2	0.77
	PU3	0.81
	PU4	0.87
	PU5	0.79
Risk Perception of Influenza Disease (RPID)	RPID1	0.81	0.91	0.91	0.67
	RPID2	0.80
	RPID3	0.86
	RPID4	0.85
	RPID5	0.77
Health Knowledge (HK)	HK1	0.86	0.92	0.92	0.69
	HK2	0.80
	HK3	0.81
	HK4	0.79
	HK5	0.87
Perceived Value (PV)	PV1	0.82	0.89	0.89	0.68
	PV2	0.81
	PV3	0.84
	PV4	0.81
Behavioral intention (BI)	BI1	0.83	0.91	0.92	0.72
	BI2	0.87
	BI3	0.87
	BI4	0.85
Self-reported Vaccination Behavior (SVB)	SVB1	0.79	0.88	0.88	0.64
	SVB2	0.82
	SVB3	0.81
	SVB4	0.78

Table 4. The results of hypotheses tests.

Hypotheses	Paths			t	β	P	Comments
H1	^aPEOU	—>	^bPU	5.67	0.20	***	Supported
H2	PEOU	—>	^ePV	5.68	0.17	***	Supported
H3	PU	—>	PV	11.13	0.36	***	Supported
H4	PU	—>	BI	3.63	0.14	***	Supported
H5	^dHK	—>	PV	4.25	0.14	***	Supported
H6	HK	—>	^cRPID	10.59	0.37	***	Supported
H7	RPID	—>	PV	12.40	0.43	***	Supported
H8	RPID	—>	^fBI	1.463	0.06	0.144	Not Supported
H9	RPID	—>	^gSVB	11.684	0.34	***	Supported
H10	PV	—>	BI	5.483	0.26	***	Supported
H11	BI	—>	SVB	18.404	0.63	***	Supported

^aPEOU: Perceived Ease of Use; ^bPU: Perceived Usefulness; ^cRPID: Risk Perception of Influenza Disease; ^dHK: Health Knowledge; ^ePV: Perceived Value; ^fBI: Behavioral intention; ^gSVB: Self-reported Vaccination Behavior.

Table 5. The moderating effects testing of demographic variables.

Paths	^aPU—>BI	^bRPID—>BI	^cPV—>BI ^d	RPID—>SVB^e	BI—>SVB
Gender of respondent
Male(1)	-0.003^f	0.179	0.103	0.296	0.532
Female(2)	0.246	0.068	0.133	0.325	0.546
Z-value	-3.31	1.23	-0.47	-0.52	-0.29
Age of respondent
Under 40 years old (1)	0.156	0.073	0.204	0.355	0.583
41 years old and above (2)	0.047	0.222	0.013	0.355	0.583
Z-value	1.35	-1.56	2.83	1.30	1.59
Gender of Child
Boy (1)	0.023	0.183	0.122	0.310	0.543
Girl (2)	0.236	0.057	0.123	0.330	0.545
Z-value	-2.84	1.42	-0.02	-0.35	-0.04
Age of Child
Under 6 years old (1)	0.128	0.084	0.226	0.338	0.610
6 years old or above (2)	0.110	0.119	0.085	0.316	0.498
Z-value	0.24	-0.43	2.34	0.40	2.29
Education Level
Vocational degree or below (1)	0.097	0.060	0.243	0.328	0.579
Bachelor degree or above (2)	0.230	0.075	0.059	0.302	0.523
Z-value	-1.69	-0.17	2.75	0.49	1.14
Annual Household income before tax
Less than CNY140,000 (1)	0.068	0.272	0.105	0.528	0.460
Over CNY140,001 (2)	0.175	0.035	0.184	0.196	0.666
Z-value	-1.41	2.70	-1.28	6.18	-4.25
Residential District
Rural (1)	0.131	0.003	0.236	0.169	0.598
Urban (2)	0.126	0.090	0.100	0.307	0.502
Z-value	0.07	-0.88	1.49	-2.42	1.49
Number of children
One (1)	0.017	0.161	0.174	0.451	0.504
Two or more (2)	0.221	0.086	0.132	0.260	0.608
Z-value	-2.71	0.88	0.69	3.55	-2.16

Notes: ^aPU: Perceived Usefulness; ^bRPID: Risk Perception of Influenza Disease; ^cPV: Perceived Value ; ^dBI: Behavioral intention; ^eSVB: Self-reported Vaccination Behavior; ^fStandardized Coefficients Beta.

Data availability

The authors do not have permission to share data.