Exploring the resilience of local detailed plans in the context of car parking at three study areas in the City of Oulu, Finland

Figures & data

Table 1. Legislation of land use in force in Finland

	the Planning Act (145/1931)	the Building Act (370/1958)	the Land Use and Building Act (132/1999)
Enter into force	1.1.1932	1.7.1959	1.1.2000
Content of main principles	To define basic principles of urban planning by providing a legal basis for organising and regulating the settlement of urban, commercial and densely populated rural areas according to local detailed plan or building plan. To guarantee the municipality has a monopoly for urban planning even through the state ratifies local detailed plans.	To define plan hierarchy and purpose-based urban planning procedure.	To emphasise the opportunities for citizens to participate and influence in a more open and interactive way to the urban planning process. To remove the state ratified procedure from the municipal level plans.
In the context of car parking		To provide the parking spaces are specified in the Act (370/1958) in section 151. The number of parking spaces is provided in the Building Decree (1959) in section 56 when it is not provided in local detailed plans.	To provide the parking spaces are specified in the Act (132/1999) in section 156. The number of parking spaces is not provided by binding decree.

Figure 1. Location of study areas in the City of Oulu.

Figure 2. The development of the local detailed plans in the area of new construction.

Figure 3. The development of the local detailed plans in the area of sudden change.

Figure 4. The development of the local detailed plans in the area of sudden change.

Table 2. The period of each local detailed plan acceptance

	Period the local detailed plan gained legal force (the whole or part of the plan still in force in study area/total accepted)
Study area	The Planning Act, 1932–1959	The Building Act, 1959–1999	The Land Use and Building Act, 2000-
a – the area of new construction	1/2	7/12	5/5
b – the area of infill development	3/9	13/28	6/6
c – the area of sudden change	-/-	14/23	3/3

Figure 5. Deviation decisions in the case study areas.

Figure 6. Only the provisions related to parking spaces were taken into account from local detailed plans.

Table 3. Implicit function characteristics

	Form characteristics
Structure characteristics	Robustness	Adaptability	Transformability
Function	Legally binding	Indicative or legally binging but vague	Legally binding but conditional
Structure	Unequivocal and clear	Vague and open to interpretation	Conditional
Identify	Provision can easily be defined	Provision cannot be defined exactly	Provisions allow for the transfer of responsibility
Feedback	Provision works as alone	Provision may work as alone or linked to others	Provision requires other provisions to be linked to with

Figure 7. Appearing of resilience in local detailed plans in the context of car parking.

Figure 8. Percentage of information in the context of car parking in site plans that come up with building permits related to study areas.

Figure 9. Breakdown of resilience appearance into form characteristics and type characteristics in the area on new construction.

Table 4. An overview of the development stage identified in the study areas

Study area	a – the area of new construction	b – the area of infill development	c – the area of sudden change
State of planning process	The area was primarily developed in the 1950 and 1960s. Since the late 2010s, the transformation from a fairway into a boulevard has begun.	The area could be divided into two parts; Taka-Lyötty (the west side) has developed through decades, whereas Karjasilta (the east side) has maintained its character and functionality over time.	The functionality of the area has been well-established since the Linnanmaa University campus area was established in the late 1970s.
Area conditions	New functions allowed	Constant turnover of functions	Permanent functions
Level of interpretations	Area/Urban structure level	Block/Use purpose level	Plot/Building level
Internalizing change	Operative	Dynamic	Latent

Planning Act, 145/1931 (1931). Retrieved August 6, 2020, from https://www.edilex.fi/he/fi19300046II.pdf

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Building Act, 370/1958. 1958. Retrieved August 6, 2020, from https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1958/19580370

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Land Use and Building Act 132/1999 (1999). Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.ym.fi/download/noname/%7B0AA8EC52-5A9B-4480-81DF-E6B7FB7722C1%7D/58015, Unofficial English translation http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990132.pdf

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Building Decree, 270/1959 (1959). Retrieved August 11, 2020, from https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1959/19590266

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