Analysis of millennials and older adults’ automobility behavior in Hamilton, Ontario

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic profiles of millennials and older adults.

	Millennials (n = 100)	Older Adults (n = 100)
Gender
Male	55	41
Female	45	59
Student Status (yes)	33	4
Employed (yes)	73	7
Retired (yes)	0	89
Marital Status
Married/Living common-law	31	45
Widowed/Separated/Divorced	3	45
Single (never married)	65	6
Prefer not to answer	1	4
Living Arrangement
Alone	9	44
With parents	34	1
With partner/spouse	18	33
Living with partner/spouse and children	15	4
Living with children	4	6
Living with roommates/similar age people	19	2
Prefer not to answer	1	10
Valid driver’s license* (yes)	83	79
Most common mode of transportation in 2018
Automobile	63	66
Other mode	37	34
Using automobile as a driver (yes)	69	70
Number of automobiles in the household
0	18	21
1	17	51
2	33	22
3	17	06
4	15	0
Average number of automobiles in the household	1.94	1.13

* This includes graduated driver’s licenses where an individual is permitted to drive alone with some restrictions, e.g. zero blood alcohol level. – General Social Survey 2011, Cycle 24

Table 2. Binomial logistic regression analysis of having a valid driver’s license.

Variables	Coefficient	P-value	Odds ratio
Intercept	−2.490	0.005	0.083
Sociodemographic characteristics
Millennial	−1.531	0.280	0.216
Self-rated health (very good/excellent)	1.288	0.042	3.626
Self-rated level of technology/smart device adoption (high)	2.418	0.014	11.219
Travel related attributes
Most common mode of transportation (automobile)	3.390	0.000	29.674
Number of vehicles in the household	0.906	0.010	2.473
Attitudes toward transportation modes and preference toward the residential location
I prefer to walk rather than drive whenever possible (agree)	−1.788	0.057	0.167
Millennials × I prefer to walk rather than drive whenever possible (agree)	4.369	0.004	78.954
I like driving (agree)	2.926	0.002	18.644
Millennials × I like driving (agree)	−2.503	0.066	0.082
McFadden pseudo-R-squared	0.604
AIC	98.358
Number of observations	200

Table 3. Ordinal logistic regression model of the number of automobiles in the households.

Variables	Coefficient	P-value	Odds ratio
Sociodemographic characteristics
Millennials	2.269	0.000	10.836
Household income (no income or less than CAD 40,000)	−1.022	0.010	0.340
Student (full time)	1.916	0.007	6.885
Number of adults (above 16 years old) in the household	0.667	0.000	1.900
Living with a partner/spouse	0.508	0.233	1.554
Millennials × Living with a partner/spouse	−1.554	0.026	0.210
Living in an apartment	−0.557	0.200	0.602
Millennials × Living in an apartment	−1.316	0.051	0.246
Travel related attributes
Common mode of transportation (automobile)	1.525	0.000	4.043
Attitudes toward transportation modes and preference toward the residential location
I need a car to do many things I like to do (agree)	0.900	0.027	2.683
It is easy to use public transport where I live (agree)	−0.090	0.844	0.943
Millennials × It is easy to use public transport where I live (agree)	−1.257	0.046	0.255
Threshold coefficients:
0|1	0.937	0.049	2.398
1|2	3.519	0.000	30.782
2|3	5.798	0.000	291.390
3|4	7.551	0.000	1622.246
Log-likelihood (null)	−298.342 (df=4)
Log-likelihood	−209.9732 (df=16)
AIC	451.9465
Number of observations	200

Table 4. Binomial logistic regression analysis of automobile use (dependent variable = most common mode of transportation in 2018: automobile).

Variables	Coefficient	P-value	Odds ratio
Intercept	−1.755	0.151	0.173
Sociodemographic characteristics
Millennials	0.008	0.993	1.008
Gender (female)	−2.204	0.000	0.110
Living alone	1.218	0.077	3.380
Travel related attributes
No/zero vehicle in the household	−2.15	0.016	0.116
Valid driver’s license possession	2.544	0.002	12.733
Transit use (not at all)	1.965	0.001	7.138
Attitudes toward transportation modes and preference toward residential location
I prefer to walk rather than drive whenever possible (agree)	1.263	0.016	3.537
I’m not interested in driving (agree)	−2.595	0.003	0.075
Taking public transport, walking and cycling meet my travel needs (agree)	0.033	0.972	1.033
Millennials × Taking public transport, walking and cycling meet my travel needs (agree)	−2.699	0.021	0.068
I prefer to have lots of off-street parking (garages or driveways) in the neighborhood (agree)	0.397	0.567	1.487
Millennials × I prefer to have lots of off-street parking (garages or driveways) in the neighborhood (agree)	1.854	0.081	6.386
McFadden pseudo-R-squared	0.563
AIC	140.49
Number of observations	200

Table 5. Binomial logistic regression analysis of using the automobile as a driver.

Variables	Coefficient	P-value	Odds ratio
Intercept	6.028	0.000	415.021
Sociodemographic characteristics
Millennials	1.108	0.348	3.029
Household income (no income or less than CAD 40,000)	−2.566	0.004	0.077
Gender (female)	−5.236	0.000	0.005
Living alone	3.622	0.000	37.41
Living in apartment	−1.118	0.087	0.327
Travel related attributes
Transit use (not at all)	1.169	0.077	3.219
Attitudes toward transportation modes and preference toward residential location
I’m not interested in driving (agree)	−3.671	0.000	0.025
I don’t need a car to get around (agree)	−4.100	0.000	0.017
Closeness to public transit is important to me while selecting residential location (agree)	−1.601	0.011	0.202
I can rely on other people to drive me places (agree)	−0.791	0.315	0.453
Millennials × I can rely on other people to drive me places (agree)	−3.224	0.022	0.040
I prefer to have lots of off-street parking (garages or driveways) in the neighborhood (agree)	1.200	0.138	3.321
Millennials × I prefer to have lots of off-street parking (garages or driveways) in the neighborhood (agree)	1.985	0.099	7.728
McFadden pseudo-R-squared	0.657
AIC	113.08
Number of observations	200