Exploring cyclists’ travel behaviour in different attitudinal market segments: case study of Quelimane, Mozambique

Figures & data

Figure 1. Case study location.

Table 1. List of attitudinal statements used in the interview.

Content	Mean score	SD
Cycling long distances daily is tiring	4.40	2.10
Frequent disrespect to speed limits discourages cycling	3.92	1.83
Lack of street signalization discourages cycling	4.23	1.90
Cycling on uneven pavement is uncomfortable	4.10	1.93
Cycling is discouraged by the increasing rates of road accidents	2.71	1.68
Mixed road traffic composition discourages cycling	3.74	1.74
Cycling in the poorly lit street is uncomfortable	4.35	1.99
Road encroachment caused by street vendors discourages cycling	3.87	1.78
Not enough tree canopy shade along the streets discourages cycling	3.93	1.86
The absence of a convenient place to shower and change clothes discourages cycling	3.16	1.81
The absence of convenient bicycle parking discourages cycling	2.96	1.77
Bicycling for bicycle-taxi services is convenient	2.26	2.02
Bicycling to sell goods on the street is convenient	2.68	2.05
Bicycling to carry loads in the street is convenient	2.15	1.86
My available time encourages cycling	3.47	1.93
The prevalence of bicycle theft discourages cycling	3.12	1.84
Bicycling in the rain is uncomfortable	2.57	1.67
Cycling in heat would make me sweat	2.80	1.76
Bicycling would present a risk of accidents or fall	3.04	1.61
Bicycling would be good for health promotion	3.94	1.88
Bicycling is flexible	4.30	1.68
Bicycling is comfortable	3.92	1.72
Bicycling is cheaper if compared to other means of transport	4.07	1.84
Bicycling is pleasant	4.89	1.73

Table 2. Factor loading and factor group influencing bicycling markets.

Latent factors and correspondent attitudinal statements	1	2	3	4	5
Cycling long distances daily is tiring	0.57
Frequent disrespect to speed limits discourages cycling	0.64
Lack of street signalization discourages cycling	0.77
Cycling on uneven pavement is uncomfortable	0.81
Mixed road traffic composition discourages cycling	0.65
Cycling in the poorly lit street is uncomfortable	0.76
Road encroachment caused by street vendors discourages cycling	0.61
Not enough tree canopy shade along the streets discourages cycling	0.62
Cycling is discouraged by the increasing rates of road accidents		0.55
The prevalence of bicycle theft discourages cycling		0.52
Bicycling in the rain is uncomfortable		0.76
Cycling in heat would make me sweat		0.84
Bicycling would present a risk of accidents or fall		0.62
Bicycling for bicycle-taxi services is convenient			0.89
Bicycling to sell goods on the street is convenient			0.73
Bicycling to carry loads in the street is convenient			0.90
Bicycling is flexible				0.70
Bicycling is comfortable				0.62
Bicycling is cheaper if compared to other means of transport				0.66
Bicycling is pleasant				0.57
The absence of a convenient place to shower and change clothes discourages cycling					0.75
The absence of convenient bicycle parking discourages cycling					0.79
% of Initial Eigenvalues variance	5.70	2.73	1.87	1.50	1.36
% of initial Eigenvalues cumulative (n=54.89)	23.75	11.39	7.79	6.27	5.67

Table 3. Cluster centres of cycling market segments.

Latent factors	Reluctant cyclists (36.7%)	Livelihood cyclists (27.1%)	Demanding cyclists (36.2%)
Need for cycling facilities	−0.73^2,3	−0.44^1,3	0.89^1,2
Need for the economy	−0.71^2,3	1.02^1,3	−0.16^1,2
Sensitivity to weather changes and safety	−0.75^2,3	0.82^1,3	0.05^1,2
Sensitivity to comfort and stress	−0.51^2,3	0.10^1,3	0.74^1,2
Perceived cycling benefits	−0.41^2,3	0.07^1,3	0.44^1,2
n	331	244	327

Note: Items in superscript indicate the attitudinal market segments the latent factor group is significantly different in comparison with the current attitudinal market segment. For example, a 1,3 written in the superscript of the first line under the Livelihood cyclists segment indicates that the effect of the latent factor need for cycling facilities is statistically different to Reluctant cyclists (1) and Demanding cyclists (3) (Analysis of variance Bonferroni post-doc test p<0.05). The meaning of the positive/negative value, they indicate the extent people in each attitudinal market segment agree or disagree with the influence of the latent factors on cycling. For example, the negative value for the latent factor sensitivity to weather changes and safety under the segment of Reluctant cyclists indicates that people in this segment strongly disagree that they are sensitive to weather changes and safety. Differently, the positive value for the latent factor need for the economy under the segment of Livelihood cyclists indicate that people in this segment strongly agree that the economic benefits of cycling influence the cycling behaviour.

Figure 2. Main travel behaviour differences between pairs of cycling market segments.

Table 4. Socio-economic characteristics and travel behaviour profile of each attitudinal segment.

	Cycling market segments
Items	Reluctant cyclists (S1)	Livelihood cyclists (S2)	Demanding cyclists (S3)
Socio-economic factors
Gender
% Male	69.5	84.2	61.7
Age
% young (<35 years old)	88.5	78.4	82.8
% adult (>35-<55 years old)	9.1	14.9	14.7
% elderly (>55 years old)	2.4	6.6	2.5
Average monthly income (1000Mts ≈14USD)
% <3642Mts	66.8	56.8	30.7
% >3642Mts to <10000Mts	29.0	25.3	60.7
% >10000Mts to <25000Mts	2.7	10.0	8.0
% >25000Mts	1.5	7.9	0.6
Education level
% Other levels	5.7	11.6	1.5
% Primary	29.0	20.7	21.7
% Secondary	57.1	48.5	70.9
% University	8.2	19.1	5.5
Employment
% Unemployed	19.9	10.8	10.1
% Informal job	30.5	45.2	32.5
% Formal job	49.5	44.0	57.4
Household composition
% Single parents with children	59.1	46.7	64.0
% One-person household	5.3	4.2	1.2
% Couple without children	6.6	6.3	6.5
% Couple with children	29.1	42.9	28.3
Vehicle ownership
% Only bicycle	32.6	53.3	52.6
% Only motorcycle/car	8.2	9.8	2.4
% Bicycle and motorcycle/cars	10.0	15.6	18.7
% None (walking)	49.2	21.3	26.3
Place of residence
% inner city	8.8	15.8	12.9
% city periphery	78.2	66.8	77.8
% sub urban area	12.4	17.4	9.2

Table 5. Mann-Whitney U test for differences in travel behaviour patterns per pairs of cycling attitudinal market segment.

a) Cycling frequency			b) Travel time
	S1	S2		S1	S2
S2	0.000		S2	0.005
S3	0.000	0.670	S3	0.225	0.045
c) Commuting mode
	S1	S2
S2	0.000
S3	0.000	0.001