Preferences for electric motorcycle adoption in Bandung, Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Vehicle proportions in Bandung City.

Note: (Bandung City Central Bureau of Statistics, 2018)

Table 1. Longlisted attributes for the initial survey.

No	Attribute
1	Purchase price
2	Speed
3	Range/charging
4	Operating cost
5	Style
6	Spare parts availability (battery/engine)
7	Acceleration
8	Braking deceleration
9	Emission level
10	Charging duration
11	Charging method
12	Ownership tax
13	Motorcycle weight
14	Maintenance facility availability
15	Used motorcycle selling price

Table 2. Attribute levels for the stated preference survey.

Attribute	Electric Motorcycle (EM)	Automatic Scooter (AS)
Purchase price (IDR million*)	16, 20, 23	16, 20, 28
Operational cost (IDR/100Km)	7500, 9500, 13500	19000, 22500, 27000
Range per charging (Km)	30, 60, 90	200, 300, 360
Maximum speed (Km/h)	60, 90, 120	60, 90, 120
Charging method	Base: Plug in – home/workplace Method 1: Battery swap–station Method 2: Battery swap-home Method 3: Recharge-station (10 min)	Station refueling

*Note: $1USD ~ 15000 IDR.

Table 3. Respondent Socio-Economic characteristics (left) and travel characteristics (right) (N = 663).

Socio-Economic -Characteristics	Number	Percentage	Travel Characteristics	Number	Percentage
Age			Monthly transport expenditure (IDR)
18–30	294	44%	less than 125,000	110	17%
31–39	137	21%	125,001–375,000	308	46%
40–49	133	20%	375,001–625,000	156	24%
more than or equal to 50	99	15%	625,001–1,250,000	50	8%
Gender			1,250,001–1,875,000	22	3%
Male	298	45%	more than 1,875,000	17	3%
Female	365	55%	Number of owned motorcycles
Occupation			0	6	1%
Student	133	20%	1	400	60%
Government Employee	85	13%	2	198	30%
State/Private Owned Enterprise Staff	121	18%	more than 2	59	9%
Entrepreneur	214	32%	Number of motorcycle trip in a day (weekday)
Pensioner	17	3%	0	3	0%
Others	93	14%	1	14	2%
Education Level			2–3	443	67%
Uneducated	11	2%	4–5	129	19%
Elementary School	44	7%	more than 5	74	11%
High School	373	56%	Plan to buy a motorcycle in the next three years?
College/University	213	32%	Yes	442	67%
Post-Graduate	22	3%	No	221	33%
Average monthly income (IDR)			Type of preferred motorcycle (new or second hand)?
less than 1,000,000	121	18%	New	562	85%
1000,000–3,000,000	192	29%	Second Hand	101	15%
3,000,001–5,000,000	204	31%	Minimum Value for Trade-Ins
5,000,001–10,000,000	112	17%	<20% purchase price	48	7%
10,000,001–15,000,000	20	3%	21–40% purchase price	186	28%
more than 15,000,000	14	2%	41–60 % purchase price	275	41%
			61–80% purchase price	154	23%

Figure 2. Respondent travel purpose.

Figure 3. Respondent travel distance.

Figure 4. E-motorcycle incentives preferred by the respondents.

Table 4. Scaling and distributional assumptions.

Attribute	Scaling	Distribution
Purchase price	/1000	Negative log-normal
Operating cost	/100000	Negative log-normal
Range	/1000	Positive log-normal
Speed	/100	Normal
Charging method	NA	Normal
ASC	NA	Normal

Table 5. Model results.

	Model A - MNL				Model B - MMNL
	−6342.286				−6063.739
	12706.57				12183.48
Log-Likelihood (final)	12785.07				12383.28
AIC	AS		EM		AS		EM
BIC	Param.	Rob. T.	Param.	Rob. T.	Param.	Rob. T.	Param.	Rob. T.
βPrice	0.762	3.28	1.619	9.16	0.821	3.10	1.741	9.44
βCost	1.854	16.33	1.375	5.93	1.626	7.76	1.059	2.43
βRange	0.945	6.86	2.146	14.74	1.070	7.00	2.139	11.60
βSpeed	0.245	3.41	0.245	3.41	0.185	2.05	0.185	2.05
βMethod1	.	.	0.440	5.24	.	.	0.400	4.11
βMethod2	.	.	0.137	1.82	.	.	0.009	0.10
βMethod3	.	.	0.492	6.98	.	.	0.553	6.60
βASC	−0.478	−1.87	.	.	−0.451	−1.66	.	.
σPrice1					−0.362	−3.48	−0.033	−1.10
σCost1					0.227	3.98	−0.206	−2.04
σPrice2					−6.854	−5.81	−6.378	−7.53
σCost2					−1.348	−6.59	−1.715	−4.04
σRange					−0.011	−0.24	−0.561	−5.36
σSpeed					0.052	1.01	0.052	1.01
σMethod1					.	.	0.557	4.91
σMethod2					.	.	−0.139	−1.14
σMethod3					.	.	−0.711	−6.70
σASC					0.062	1.67	.	.

Table 6. Likelihood ratio test.

Likelihood ratio test-value	553.1
Degrees of freedom	15
Likelihood ratio test p-value	0

Figure 5. Willingness-to-pay distributions.

Table 7. Willingness-to-pay distributions (in millions of IDR).

Attribute		Min.	1st Qu.	Median	Mean	MNL	3rd Qu.	Max.
Range	AS	0.02	0.10	0.13	0.14	0.12	0.16	0.89
	EM	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.17	0.17	0.22	2.09
Speed	AS	−0.05	0.06	0.08	0.09	0.11	0.11	0.65
	EM	−0.01	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.08
Charging method	1	−45.28	0.43	6.99	7.01	8.71	13.58	55.70
	2	−14.55	−1.50	0.14	0.15	2.71	1.79	11.68
	3	−50.38	1.28	9.66	9.68	9.75	18.05	68.69
AS (constant)		−128.55	−25.53	−19.68	−21.16	−22.33	−15.13	−3.12

Table

Respondent Characteristics	Proportion in the population#	Expected (Sample size × proportion in the population)	Observed Value (Based on the Survey)	Chi-Square Test
Age
18–30	37.1%	246	294	p- Value	6.4823E–07
31–39	21.4%	142	137	Null Hypothesis	rejected
40–49	18.1%	121	133
more than or equal to 50	23.4%	156	99
Gender
Male	50%	334	298	p- Value	0.00586161
Female	50%	330	365	Null Hypothesis	rejected
Income Level
less than 1,000,000	21%	140	121	p- Value	5.0468E–12
1000,000–3,000,000	35%	235	192	Null Hypothesis	rejected
3,000,001–5,000,000	27%	177	204
5,000,001–10,000,000	9%	62	112
10,000,001–15,000,000	5%	35	20
more than 15,000,000	2%	17	14
Education Level
Uneducated	7%	49	11	p- Value	2.6842E–60
Elementary School	21%	137	44	Null Hypothesis	rejected
High School	57%	379	373
College/University & Postgraduate	15%	99	235

Note: # (Bandung City Central Bureau of Statistics, 2018).

Bandung City Central Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Bandung Municipality in Figures 2018. Bandung City Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved July 19, 2023, from https://bandungkota.bps.go.id/publication/2018/08/16/a2782ae62042b1aee91fb4bc/kota-bandung-dalam-angka-2018.html

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