Risk and preventing of COVID-19 grounded aircraft-value, risks and resilience: an ongoing debate

Figures & data

Figure 1. All commercial flights from Jan 2019 to Jul 2022.

* Commercial flights: commercial passenger+cargo+charter+some business jet flights.

Table 1. The difference of COVID-19, Delta and Omicron.

Symptoms	OMICRON	DELTA	COVID-19	COLD	FLU
Cough	common	common	common	mild	common
Fever	common	common	common	rare	common
Headache	common	sometimes	common	rare	common
Muscle aches	common	sometimes	sometimes	common	common
Stuffy nose	rare	rare	sometimes	common	sometimes
Sore throat	common	sometimes	sometimes	common	sometimes

Figure 2. Divergent delivery recovery paths during 2018–2025.

Figure 3. The process of inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Figure 4. Research area of aircraft during 2021–2022.

Figure 5. Publisher of aircraft articles during 2021–2022.

Table 2. The key article about aircraft boarding during 2021–2022.

Author (year)	Region	Key points
Sun et al. (2021)	Global	As the existence of the pandemic, it should provide the richer datasets and the disease-specific adaption of model available to the community. Accordingly, tolerable service performance of passengers and cargo transportation can possibly be seen as a new opportunity for the aviation industry.
Tabares (2021)	Global	The available technology (i.e. infectious detection means) and the build of appropriate industry standards and State regulations will be the enabler to trigger the responsibility discussion about the Pandemic-free travel.
Scardaoni et al. (2021)	Global	It estimated and expected the economic performance of the TAT of an aircraft such times due to fuselage and cabin layout variations and, thereby, improved marketability potential.

Table 3. The key article about passenger demand during 2021–2022.

Author (year)	Region	Key points
Sharma et al. (2021)	Global	New business models and other better-suited technologies might essentially cover passenger demand into a much more sustainable form.
Sun et al. (2021)	Global	The disease-specific adaption cased tolerable service performance of passengers and cargo transportation, which can be seen as a new opportunity for the aviation industry.
Czerny et al. (2021)	China	Transportation services could facilitate the spread of the virus, although the observations from the Chinese market will be a reasonably recovery. The demand for air cargo markets, of course, suffered from the pandemic, but at a much lesser rate.
Gudmundsson et al. (2021)	Global	Passenger traffic in the Asia Pacific react faster followed by Europe and North America. In terms of freight demand, on the contrary, North America shows a quicker recovery.
Choi (2021)	Global	A better understanding is passenger and flight characteristics when determining operational policies such as gate allocation or membership services.
Ania and Joseph (2021)	Africa	Low-cost airlines can balance and sustain African tourism via a hierarchical-mixed market management.
Hanson et al. (2022)	Global	It forecasts must consider that state-dependent income elasticity can improve on air travel as COVID-19 May have irreversibly changed consumer behaviour.
Warnock-Smith et al. (2021)	China	Diverse air carrier and airline markets return to pre-COVID-19 levels of transportation and income more quickly although it more likely to be severely impacted by the pandemic.
Law and Narayan (2022)	SEA	The findings confirm the existence of bi-directional causality between air transport development and economic growth.
Kim and Sohn (2022)	South Korea	South Korean airlines’ response to the COVID-19 crisis on retrenchment, perseverance, innovation and exit.
Abdelghany and Guzhva (2022)	Global	The distance between origin and destination has a negative effect on demand stimulation, so smaller airports generally have higher passenger incentives as nonstop services are introduced.
Leandro et al. (2021)	Global	The synergy of air and sea connectivity can meet the demands of different areas, especially in the coming years.
Zhao et al. (2021)	Global	It states a dynamic pricing mechanism of ancillary services based on passenger choice behaviours, reaching the best price point of balancing customer satisfaction and revenue maximisation.
Dixit and Jakhar (2021)	Global	It noted the most literature on “airports” were related to civil and construction and airport capacity without the involvement of practitioners, airline-airport industry partners and/or policy makers.

Table 4. The key article about aircraft operation during 2021–2022.

Author (year)	Region	Key points
da Silveira Pereira and de Mello (2021)	Brazil	The spread of passenger confidence or government restrictions directly affected by the COVID-19 outbreak has directly affected airline operations and demand worldwide.
Choi (2021)	Global	In the wake of Covid-19, increased dwell time has a more significant effect on increasing spending by existing buyers than creating new buyers.
Dixit and Jakhar (2021)	Global	It noted the most literature on “airports” were related to civil and construction and airport capacity without the involvement of practitioners, airline-airport industry partners and/or policy makers.
Defossez (2021)	Global	An exhaustive list of special circumstances, such as COVID 19, seems appropriate and helpful.
Leandro et al. (2021)	Global	Explore demand forecasting models and optimisation models, reduce existing flight scheduling and fleet planning costs by 4% to 20%, and plan PSO aviation networks.
Kim and Sohn (2022)	South Korea	South Korean airlines’ response to the COVID-19 crisis on retrenchment, perseverance, innovation and exit.
Jorge et al. (2021)	Brazil	The busiest airports that handle slot allocation with optimized decision support tools are PSAM-based.

The pandemic has since transformed research, focusing on the impact of the crisis in the early stages of the pandemic on airline business models and strategies. Some authors point to the permanent effects of the COVID-19 crisis in the long run, and whether the crisis presents an opportunity to transform the aviation industry to address needs related to societal challenges (see Table 4). In this regard, most of the literature on “airports” is related to civil and construction and airport capacity without the involvement of practitioners, airline-airport industry partners and/or policymakers (Dixit & Jakhar, 2021). Research in this area should address the crises of austerity, persistence, innovation, and exit (Kim & Sohn, 2022).

Table 5. The key article about manpower during 2021–2022.

Author (year)	Region	Key points
Tabares et al. (2021)	Global	It has developed a multi-time-scale airport GH management structure with an online solution that can be easily extended to all GSE fleet types performing aircraft GH at the airport.
Shin et al. (2022)	Global	It noted that emotional support significantly reduced the positive relationship between supervisor incivility and job insecurity.
Huang et al. (2021)	Global	The four dimensions of this paper is helpful for managers to strengthen the weaknesses of the airport.
Pushparaj et al. (2021)	Global	Brain imaging validation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to construct and generate reliable flight plans with visible waypoints and airports.

Sun, X., Wandelt, S., & Zhang, A. (2021). Technological and educational challenges towards pandemic-resilient aviation. Transport Policy, 114, 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.09.010

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Tabares, D. A. (2021). An airport operations proposal for a pandemic-free air travel. Journal of Air Transport Management, 90, 101943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101943

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Scardaoni, M. P., Magnacca, F., Massai, A., & Cipolla, V. (2021). Aircraft turnaround time estimation in early design phases: Simulation tools development and application to the case of box-wing architecture. Journal of Air Transport Management, 96, 102122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102122

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Sharma, G. D., Thomas, A., & Paul, J. (2021). Reviving tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, 100786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100786

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Czerny, A. I., Fu, X., Lei, Z., & Oum, T. H. (2021). Post pandemic aviation market recovery: Experience and lessons from China. Journal of Air Transport Management, 90, 101971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101971

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Gudmundsson, S. V., Cattaneo, M., & Redondi, R. (2021). Forecasting temporal world recovery in air transport markets in the presence of large economic shocks: The case of COVID-19. Journal of Air Transport Management, 91, 102007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.102007

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Choi, T. M. (2021). Fighting against COVID-19: What operations research can help and the sense-and-respond framework. Annals of Operations Research, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-03973-w

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Ania, A. E. D., & Joseph, A. A. (2021). COVID-19 and Africa’s aviation and tourism sectors: A new agenda for the future? Tourism Management Perspectives, 100840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100840

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Hanson, D., Delibasi, T. T., Gatti, M., & Cohen, S. (2022). How do changes in economic activity affect air passenger traffic? The use of state-dependent income elasticities to improve aviation forecasts. Journal of Air Transport Management, 98, 102147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102147

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Warnock-Smith, D., Graham, A., O’Connell, J. F., & Efthymiou, M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on air transport passenger markets: Examining evidence from the Chinese market. Journal of Air Transport Management, 94, 102085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102085

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Law, K. L., & Narayan, R. (2022). Reducing environmental plastic pollution by designing polymer materials for managed end-of-life. Nature Reviews Materials, 7(2), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00382-0

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Kim, M., & Sohn, J. (2022). Passenger, airline, and policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis: The case of South Korea. Journal of Air Transport Management, 98, 102144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102144

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Abdelghany, A., & Guzhva, V. S. (2022). Exploratory analysis of air travel demand stimulation in first-time served markets. Journal of Air Transport Management, 98, 102162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102162

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Leandro, F., Andrade, A. R., & Kalakou, S. (2021). Designing aviation networks under public service Obligations (PSO): A case study in Greece. Journal of Air Transport Management, 93, 102042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102042

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Zhao, G., Cui, Y., & Cheng, S. (2021). Dynamic pricing of ancillary services based on passenger choice behavior. Journal of Air Transport Management, 94, 102058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102058

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Dixit, A., & Jakhar, S. K. (2021). Airport capacity management: A review and bibliometric analysis. Journal of Air Transport Management, 91, 102010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.102010

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da Silveira Pereira, D., & de Mello, J. C. C. S. (2021). Efficiency evaluation of Brazilian airlines operations considering the covid-19 outbreak. Journal of Air Transport Management, 91, 101976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101976

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Defossez, D. (2021). Proposed revisions of regulation 261/2004: Endangering passengers’ rights and going against the international trend? Journal of Air Transport Management, 91, 102008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.102008

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Jorge, D., Ribeiro, N. A., & Antunes, A. P. (2021). Towards a decision-support tool for airport slot allocation: Application to Guarulhos (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Journal of Air Transport Management, 93, 102048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102048

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Tabares, D. A., Mora-Camino, F., & Drouin, A. (2021). A multi-time scale management structure for airport ground handling automation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 90, 101959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101959

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Shin, Y., Lee, E. J., & Hur, W. M. (2022). Supervisor incivility, job insecurity, and service performance among flight attendants: The buffering role of co-worker support. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(6), 901–918. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1905618

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Huang, C. N., Liou, J. J., Lo, H. W., & Chang, F. J. (2021). Building an assessment model for measuring airport resilience. Journal of Air Transport Management, 95, 102101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102101

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Pushparaj, K., Ky, G., Ayeni, A. J., Alam, S., & Duong, V. N. (2021). A quantum-inspired model for human-automation trust in air traffic controllers derived from functional Magnetic Resonance imaging and correlated with behavioural indicators. Journal of Air Transport Management, 97, 102143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102143

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