Application of fuzzy analytical hierarchy process to develop walkability index: a case study of Dwarka sub city, New Delhi, India

Figures & data

Table 1. Methods of walkability index and its purposes.

Methods	Purpose	Description
Walkability Index	Measures neighbourhood walkability	The variables include population density, benches, sociability, curb cuts, width, etc.
Pedestrian Environmental Factor	Measure of pedestrian friendliness	There are four variables: sidewalk continuity, ease of street crossing, distance between intersections and grade.
Florida Pedestrian Level of Service	Measures factors that correlate with pedestrians perception of safety and comfort of the street segments	Regression analysis used to weight variables, which include width of sidewalk, vehicle traffic volume, vehicle speed, presence of on street parking, etc.
Community Assessment Tool	Data used to develop plan for improving cyclability and walkability of communities.	Comprises open-ended responses and user-weighted scores. Elements include transportation, land-use development, schools and crime- prevention.

Source: The Global Walkability Index by World Bank, 1999.

Table 2. Main parameters and sub parameters of walkability assessing levels.

Main Parameter	Sub Parameter	Scores for Supply side
Along Facilities	Side walk Width, Kerb height, Ramp Length, Ramp Width, Ramp Slope, Dead Width	Does not present 0 Present and does not meet the standard then 0.5 Present and meets the standard, continuous throughout the street – 1.0
	Side walk surface quality, material	Cracked, uneven and broken Uneven but firm and free from cracks even, firm, free from cracks and well-drained
	Continuous of side walk	Discontinuous footpath. Covers <80% of street Covers 80–100% of stretch Continuous footpath covering >100% of street
	Drains	Fully open drains along >80% of footpath. open drains along up to 20% of footpath Fully closed drains.
	Obstructions	obstructions present on over 20% of footpath stretch obstructions present on 10–20% <10% covered with obstructions
Across Facilities	Zebra crossing/tabletop crossing width	<1m wide 1m −2 m wide 2 m wide on residential streets, 4 on commercial streets, visible and clear
	spacing between bollards	<0.6 m | 0.6–1.2m | 1.2 m for wheelchair
	distance of stop line from crossing	<1m | 1–2 m | 2m, clearly visible
	Pedestrian refuge on median for crossing width	<1m 1–1.2 m >1.2m
	Pedestrian refuge height	Below/above zebra crossing by >150 mm Below/above zebra crossing level by <150 mm Either Same level as the zebra crossing, or ramp of slope not more than 1:15 if at higher level.
	Pedestrian refuge ramp	Steeper than 1:15, not accessible to PWD. 1:15 to 1:8 slope 1:8 slope
	Pedestrian refuge at intersections – Access ramp slope	Steeper than 1:15, not accessible to PWD. 1:15 to 1:8 slope | 1:8 slope
	island area	Unable to serve pedestrian volume at peak hour Smaller part of unused space converted. Maximum unused space converted to Refuge Island
	waiting time to cross	>240 s 120s-240s 120s
	Obstructions at crossings	crossing not accessible at all due to obstructions crossing obstructed, slightly difficult to access Crossing is accessible even to PWD.
	Pedestrian signal phase	Not present Less than 10sec More than 10 sec
Street Amenities	Street Lighting Spacing	>15 m spacing, poor lighting conditions 12-15m spacing, uneven light distribution 9-12m spacing. Well-lit. trees should not obstruct
	Height	>9 m high, or <2m high 6m −9m high or 2-3m high. Lighting should be available on footpath. 3-6m high.
	Signage Height	<1.8 m clear height Clear height 1.8–2.1m Clear height of 2.1m. Braille signboards should be located between 1.4–1.6m high
	PWD dedicated amenities - Guiding tiles width	Present on <80% of stretch Present on 80–99% of stretch Present on 100% of stretch.
	PWD dedicated amenities - Distance from kerb edge	<400 mm away from kerb edge 400–600 mm away from kerb edge laid 600mm away from the edge of footpath kerb edge, compound wall
	Warning tiles	Not present at all important locations Only one set of warning tiles provided Beginning and end of the ramps and stairs, property entrances, intersections and pedestrian crossings.
	Amenities – benches	Benches unusable and not present at regular intervals Benches present but at irregular intervals Benches present at regular intervals, easily accessible even to pwd.
	Access to Public toilets	>10 minute walking distance 5–10 minute walking distance Universally accessible. public toilets should be available within 5-minute walking distance
	Shade and Rain Cover	No proper shade or rain cover present. Clearance height <2.4 m Clearance height 2.4 m
Safety	Vehicles stopping for pedestrians	Do not stop at all <80% of vehicles stop for pedestrians > 80% of vehicles stop for pedestrians
	Speed of vehicles	Too fast, not ideal for crossing the street. Slight discomfort in crossing the street due to speed of vehicles Can comfortably cross the street due to appropriate speed of vehicles
	Distance of Traffic calming elements from crossing	<5 m before crossing/Not present <10 m before crossing 10–20 m before crossing
	Pedestrian guardrails – Height	<0.5 m high 0.5–0.7m high or >1m high 0.7–0.9m high. (Outer edge) should be located 0.25m away from the footpath kerb edge.
Security	CCTV	NO CCTV coverage. 0% CCTV coverage present, but irregular, or not clearly visible. 50% Good CCTV coverage throughout the public areas of the street. Clearly visible. 100%
	Activity duration	>16 hr 16–22 hr 24 hr activities
	Visibility	Bad visibility Partially visible Frontage clearly visible, creating a safe feeling
Micro climate and Environment	Noise levels	<60 dB 60–90 dB 90–120 dB
	Ventilation	No ventilation Decent ventilation but with built environment slightly interfering. Good ventilation, comfortable breeze.
	Heat/exposure to sun	Extremely hot, no measures taken to reduce this effect. Shade, landscaping etc. reduce heat island effect Enough shade, landscaping, etc. to minimize heat island effect. Water ways/fountains/sprinklers installed for cooling effect.
Streetscape and visual quality	Street tree clearance height	<1.8 m 18m − 2.4 m Clearance height 2.4 m
	Pit dimensions	Pit size equal to circumference of tree. < 1.8m x 1.8m or <.25mx2.6 m on narrow streets. 1.8 m x 1.8 m area without concrete.Narrow footpaths 1.25 m x 2.6 m.
	Tree pit grating	Broken, causes walking path conflict, dangerous. Uneven/holes too big/different level from footpath. Present, same level as footpath, flat, even and firm. Covers the whole pit.
	Cleanliness	Not clean. Bad odor. Visible litter. Not pedestrian friendly. On over 75% of street stretch Litter present on parts of the stretch (Less than 25%) Area clean and well maintained no littler, no bad odor.
	Active frontage	Inactive frontage Moderately active frontage, at least in certain parts of the street Active & lively frontage, interesting to walk
	Street art/installations/etc.	No street art/installations Small artistic elements present on street. Street art present, interesting to walk. Compliments and enhances the street characteristics
Land use diversity	Mix of activities/uses of land	entropy index value >0.50 entropy index value 0.5 to 0.7 entropy index value above 0.7

Source: collated from various sources by the authors.

Figure 1. Membership function of triangular fuzzy Number.

Figure 2. Degree of possibility.

Table 3. Sample description.

Demographic details	1	2	3
Age	Young age (0–24)	Middle Age (25 to 60)	Old age above 60
% Share	48%	34%	18%
Gender	Male	Female
% Share	55%	45%

Table 4. Location wise pedestrian counts in peak hour.

Location	Peak hour count	Location	Peak hour count
Near Vishal Mega Mart Ramphal Chowk Road	378	New CGHS apartment	158
At Dwarka Sector 10 Market Junction	291	Iskon temple	165
At Ashirwad Chowk	393	near nk bagrodia school	111
AT OPG World School	229	vikas mega mark sector	216
At Dwarka Metro Station 9 Junction	1177	Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha university	400
At Dwarka Sector 1 junction	381	Ramlila ground	440
At Nala Road junction with Road 224	380	IT sumit gulatiya park	164
Near Merit Shine	855	sector 13 iiidem campus	190
Near Sachdeva Global School	313	Dwarka sector 11 metro	404
At Dwarka More	5674	Ashoka enclave cghs	201
Bal bhavan int. school	372	ITL public school	253
Opg world school	112	205 delhi road	61
Sachdeva global school	131	Gulmohar apartments	186
New Rastriya apartment	169	Sector 10 market	415

Table 5. Walkability index using MoUD method (supply side).

Side walk location	WI	Side walk location	WI
Near Vishal Mega Mart Ramphal Chowk Road	6.0	Nef cghs apartment	5.4
At Dwarka Sector 10 Market Junction	4.8	Iskon temple	4.6
At Ashirwad Chowk	5.6	near nk bagrodia school	4.6
AT OPG World School	5.0	vikas mega mark sector	5.6
At Dwarka Metro Station 9 Junction	5.6	Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha university	4.8
At Dwarka Sector 1 juntion	5.8	Ramlila ground	4.4
At Nala Road junction with Road 224	4.4	IT sumit gulatiya park	4.2
Near Merit Shine (Azad Hind Fauji Marg)	6.0	sector 13 iiidem campus	4.4
Near Sachdeva Global School	5.4	Dwarka sector 11 metro	4.4
At Dwarka More	4.0	Ashoka enclave cghs	5.6
Bal bhavan int. school	4.2	ITL public school	5.4
Opg world school	4.2	205 delhi road	4.6
Sachdeva global school	5.0	Gulmohar apartments	4.8
New Rastriya apartment	4.2	Sector 10 market	5.2
Deen daayal marg	5.8	Dwarka city center	5.6

Table 6. Criteria weightage using fuzzy AHP using extent analysis.

Parameters (Factors)	Weights
Alongside Facilities	0.23
Crossing Facilities	0.16
Street Amenities	0.10
Safety from Traffic	0.16
Security from Crime	0.19
Microclimate and Environment	0.03
Streetscape and Visual Quality	0.10
Land Use Diversity	0.03

Figure 3. Relationship between WI based MoUD method and pedestrian count.

Figure 4. Relationship between proposed WI and pedestrian count.