Quantification of land use/land cover dynamics and urban growth in rapidly urbanized countries: The case Hawassa city, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of study area. Source: US Geological Survey (USGS) (http://glovis.usgs.gov).

Table 1. Details of acquired satellite imageries.

Satellite	Sensor	Spatial resolution	Path/Row	Acquisition Date
Landsat 5	TM	30m*30m	168/055	18, 12, 1990, 28, 012000 & 07,11,2010
Landsat 8	OLI & SWIR	30m*30m	168/055	19, 01, 2020

Source: [60] US Geological Survey (USGS) (http://glovis.usgs.gov).

OLI= Operational Land Imagery SWIR = Short Wave Infrared.

Figure 2. Data processing flow chart. Source: Author’s construct, 2020.

Figure 3. Classified LULC maps of Hawassa city for years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020.

Source: US Geological Survey (USGS) (http://glovis.usgs.gov).

Table 2. Area statistics of LULC of years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020.

		Year 1990		Year 2000		Year 2010		Year 2020
S.N	LULC Class	Area (km^2)	%	Area (km^2)	%	Area (km^2)	%	Area (km^2)	%
1	Agriculture	69.12	26.51	73.00	28.00	78.50	30.11	74.97	28.76
2	Bare land	12.44	4.77	9.68	3.71	8.17	3.13	6.47	2.48
3	Built up	33.26	12.76	37.15	14.25	38.96	14.94	43.93	16.85
4	Bush land	37.26	14.29	28.90	11.08	27.44	10.53	26.50	10.16
5	Forest land	21.89	8.40	21.63	8.30	20.20	7.75	17.52	6.72
6	Water body	86.72	33.26	90.34	34.65	87.42	33.54	91.31	35.03
Total		260.69	100	260.69	100.00	260.69	100	260.69	100
1990–2000		2000–2010		2010–2020
−3.88		−5.5		3.53
2.76		1.51		1.7
−3.89		−1.81		−4.97
8.36		1.46		0.94
0.26		1.43		2.68
−3.62		2.92		−3.89

Source: US Geological Survey (USGS) (http://glovis.usgs.gov).

Figure 4. Net gain and loss of each LULC classes from other land uses for the period of 1990 and 2020. Source: [60] US Geological Survey (USGS) ().

Table 3. Accuracy assessment of classified LULC maps of years 1990, 2000, 2010 & 2020.

Years	Land use/cover Class	Reference Totals	Classified Totals	Number Correct	Producers Accuracy	Users Accuracy
	Agriculture	25	23	21	84.00%	91.30%
	Bush land	22	23	21	95.45%	91.30%
	Bare land	22	23	18	81.82%	78.26%
1990	Built-up	19	23	19	100.00%	82.61%
	Forest	28	23	23	82.14%	100.00%
	Water	22	23	20	90.91%	86.96%
	Totals	138	138	122
Overall Classification Accuracy =88.41% Overall Kappa Statistics = 0.8609
	Agriculture	25	23	23	92.00%	100.00%
	Bush land	25	23	23	92.00%	100.00%
	Bare land	22	23	19	86.36%	82.61%
2000	Built-up	21	23	21	100.00%	91.30%
	Forest	24	23	23	95.83%	100.00%
	Water	21	23	20	95.24%	86.96%
	Totals	138	138	129
Overall Classification Accuracy =93.48% Overall Kappa Statistics = 0.9217
	Agriculture	22	23	20	90.91%	86.96%
	Bush land	22	23	21	95.45%	91.30%
	Bare land	25	23	18	72.00%	78.26%
2010	Built-up	20	23	19	95.00%	82.61%
	Forest	26	23	23	88.46%	100.00%
	Water	23	23	21	91.30%	91.30%
	Totals	138	138	122
Overall Classification Accuracy =88.41% Overall Kappa Statistics = 0.8609
	Agriculture	21	23	20	95.24%	86.96%
	Bush land	23	23	21	91.30%	91.30%
	Bare land	26	23	21	80.77%	91.30%
2020	Built-up	24	23	21	87.50%	91.30%
	Forest	24	23	21	87.50%	91.30%
	Water	20	23	20	100.00%	86.96%
	Totals	138	138	124
Overall Classification Accuracy = 89.86% Overall Kappa Statistics = 0.8783

Source: US Geological Survey (USGS) (http://glovis.usgs.gov).

Figure 5. Spatial distribution of _{NDBI 1990–2020.} Source: US Geological Survey (USGS) (http://glovis.usgs.gov).

Figure 6. Spatial distribution of NDVI _1990–2020. Source: US Geological Survey (USGS) (http://glovis.usgs.gov).

Figure 7. Land use/land cover conversion matrix from 1990 to 2020. Source: US Geological Survey (USGS) (http://glovis.usgs.gov).

Figure 8. Business land use zoning. Source: hawassa city Municipality.

Figure 9. Map of existing land grading in 1983, 2003, 2011 and 2018. Source: hawassa city Municipality.