The perception of drivers and passengers on the socio-economic impacts of traffic congestion in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location map of the study area.

Figure 2. Qualified segments and traffic points in the study area (morning).

Figure 3. Qualified segments and traffic points in the study area (evening).

Table 1. Population and sample size of the study population.

Segment code	Segment Name	Traffic point	Total vehicle	Total population (driver and passengers)	sample size	sample size(driver)	sample size(passenger)
	Morning (7 am −11am)
A1	Kara-Ayertena	Ayertena crossings	3,644	44,533	396	198	198
A2	Kidanemihiret-Ayertena	Ayertena crossings	2,851	20,947	393	197	197
A3	Zenebwork-Total	Total roundabout	5,086	36,917	396	198	198
A4	Mendida-TorHailoch	Torhailoch roundabout	4,044	44,774	396	198	198
A5	Holland-Torhailoch	Torhailoch roundabout	3,720	34,999	395	198	197.5
A6	Lukanda-18mazoriya	18 mazoriya crossings	5,120	43,567	396	198	198
A7	Birchiko -Winget	Winget roundabout	4,884	39,033	396	198	198
	Evening (4 pm −8pm)
B1	Ayertena-Kara	Karakore taxi mazoriya	3,608	43,014	396	198	198
B2	Zenebwork-Ayertena	Ayertena crossings	4,900	35,236	396	198	198
Total			37,857	343,020	3,560	1,780	1,780

Source: Own survey, May/2022.

Table 2. Description of variables.

Variable	Description
AGE(X1)	Age of the respondents.
GEND(X2)	Sex of the respondents.
MSTAT(X3)	Marital status
SIZE(X4)	Family size of the respondent
EDUC(X5)	Education status of the respondent.
INCOME (X6)	The monthly income of the respondents is expressed in birr.
OCCUP(X7)	Occupation of the respondent
WEXP(X8)	Work experience of the respondent
INDEX(X9)	Segment speed reduction index
RTYPE(X10)	Respondent type

Table 3. Descriptive characteristics of the respondents.

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Age by groups (AGE)	1–25	523	16.1	16.1	16.1
	26–35	1556	48.0	48.0	64.2
	36–45	790	24.4	24.4	88.5
	46–55	289	8.9	8.9	97.5
	≥56	82	2.5	2.5	100.0
	Total	3240	100.0	100.0
Gender of the respondent (GEND)	Male	2510	77.5	77.5	77.5
	Female	730	22.5	22.5	100.0
	Total	3240	100.0	100.0
Education level of the respondent (EDUC)	below 8 grade	183	5.6	5.6	5.6
	9–12	1177	36.3	36.3	42.0
	Diploma	1237	38.2	38.2	80.2
	Degree	535	16.5	16.5	96.7
	Master’s Degree and above	108	3.3	3.3	100.0
	Total	3240	100.0	100.0
Marital status of the respondent (MSTAT)	Single	1215	37.5	37.5	37.5
	Married	1966	60.7	60.7	98.2
	Divorce	59	1.8	1.8	100.0
	Total	3240	100.0	100.0
Income by groups (INCOMEGROUP)	≤2000	263	8.1	8.1	8.1
	2001–5000	794	24.5	24.5	32.6
	5001–10000	1850	57.1	57.1	89.7
	10001–15000	180	5.6	5.6	95.3
	15001–20000	74	2.3	2.3	97.6
	≥20001	79	2.4	2.4	100.0
Occupation of the respondent (OCCUP)	working as an employee in the government office	512	15.8	15.8	15.8
	working as an employee in a private office	1449	44.7	44.7	60.5
	working my private job	1279	39.5	39.5	100.0
	Total	3240	100.0	100.0
Work experience by a group (WEXP)	≤1	132	4.1	4.1	4.1
	2–5	846	26.1	26.1	30.2
	6–10	1689	52.1	52.1	82.3
	11–15	268	8.3	8.3	90.6
	16–20	136	4.2	4.2	94.8
	>21	169	5.2	5.2	100.0
	Total	3240	100.0	100.0

Table 4. Perceived socio-economic impact (1) = strongly disagree, (2) = disagree, (3) = neutral, (4) = agree, (5) = strongly agree.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	Total
Perceived socio-economic impact	%						Mean	Std. Deviation
Traffic noise	3	7	16	52	21	100	3.8026	0.9646
Increased risk of being involved in an accident	3	4	12	53	27	100	3.9729	0.92044
Extra time added to car or bus journeys	2	5	10	42	41	100	4.1553	0.92493
Not making driving trips that you would have otherwise made	2	3	12	48	36	100	4.1278	0.87013
Increased stress	2	5	19	48	25	100	3.8832	0.92419
Affect health	2	10	26	42	20	100	3.6834	0.96101
Severance (decreases the time available for parents to spend with their families)	3	10	14	42	32	100	3.899	1.04392
Inability to estimate travel time	3	5	14	49	30	100	3.9672	0.94942
Increase in vehicle operating cost	2	5	22	48	23	100	3.8491	0.90354
Late arrival at the office	3	3	7	40	48	100	4.2777	0.90613
Average							3.96182	0.93683

Table 5. Major/An essential socio-economic impact.

socio-economic impact	%
Increased risk of being involved in an accident	13.2
Extra time added to car or bus journeys	16.5
Not making driving trips that one would have otherwise made	9.0
Increased stress	4.8
affect health	3.2
Severance (decreases the time available for parents to spend with their families)	7.1
Inability to estimate travel time	6.1
Increase in vehicle operating cost	7.9
Late arrival at the office	19.8
Total	100.0

Table 6. Parameter estimates of ordinal logistic regression.

		Estimate	Std. Error	Wald	df	Sig.	95% Confidence Interval
							Lower Bound	Upper Bound
Threshold	[SEI = 1.00]	1.6	0.687	5.429	1	0.02	0.254	2.946
	[SEI = 2.00]	4.211	0.69	37.295	1	0	2.859	5.562
	[SEI = 3.00]	5.947	0.694	73.372	1	0	4.586	7.308
	[SEI = 4.00]	8.711	0.702	153.956	1	0	7.335	10.087
Location	AGE	0.044	0.017	6.739	1	0.009	0.011	0.077
	GEND	0.412	0.091	20.432	1	0	0.234	0.591
	HSIZE	0.354	0.04	80.145	1	0	0.276	0.431
	INCOME	0.106	0.004	839.075	1	0	0.099	0.113
	RTYPE	0.209	0.081	6.579	1	0.01	0.049	0.368
	[EDUC=1.00]	−0.735	0.298	6.096	1	0.014	−1.319	−0.152
	[EDUC=5.00]	0^a	.	.	0	.	.	.

Table

Part I: Personal Information
A1	Respondent age: —— (years).
A2	Respondent gender: (1) Male (2) Female
A3	Marital status : (1)single (2) married (3)divorced
A4	Household Size: —
A5	Education level: ———————–
A6	Income per month: ——————– birr
A7	Occupation type: (1) government (2) private company (3) own business
A8	Year of work experience: ——— year
A9	Where is the location of your home (origin of your journey) ————— (Sub city/town, Woreda (special location)
A10	Do you drive car? 1) Yes 2) No;if your answer is ‘yes’, try to answer question A11 to A1;if not go to part II
A11	If yes, Ownership of the cars (1) Driver of own car (2) Driver of government car (3) Driver of business car (4) Driver of NGO car (5) driver of other type of car
A12	If you drive business car what is the daily income to be obtained from the vehicle say by renting the vehicle.———- birr
A13	Vehicle plate initial code number: 1)1 2)2 3)3 4)4 5)other
A14	Manufacturing year(GC)————————–
A15	Fuel type used by your car? 1)Diesel 2)benzene 3)other

Table

Part II: Travel Pattern
B1.	Name(code) of the segment
B2	How often do you use this segment?			Never		Rarely	Sometimes	Regularly	Frequently(more than one time in a day)
B3	If you are transport user/passenger which transport type you use frequently	City bus	bus	Mid bus	Minibus	Lada taxi and meter taxi	Personal vehicle	Government vehicle	Company’s transport vehicle	other
B4	What is the distance between your workplace and your home? ———– Km
B5	What is the expected time you spend until you get transport facility?——-minutes
B6	What is the Expected time taken to reach the destination (office) after you get transport facility? During traffic congestion———– Minutes, during free flow———— minutes
B8	If you are a driver, the number of times you pass through the segment in a day;——- time
B9	Fuel consumed by your vehicle in 1 litere? Under free flow———— km considering congestion ——km

Table

Part III Traffic congestion impacts
C1.	Which one of the following socio-economic problems is significant impact of traffic congestion from your perspective? (rate on likert scale)
		1	2	3	4	5
Code	Socio-economic problem	Strongly disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly agree
C11	Traffic noise
C12	Increased risk of being involved in an accident
C13	Extra time added to car or bus journeys
C14	Not making driving trips that you would have otherwise made
C15	Increased stress
C16	affect health
C17	Severance (decreases the time available for parents to spend with their families)
C18	Inability to estimate travel time
C19	Increase in vehicle operating cost
C2.	Rank the three most important socio-economic problems from the list given in C5.write the code 1)□ 2)□ 3)□