Exploring the factors affecting bike sharing usage in developing countries: a case study on Chandigarh, India

Figures & data

Table 1. List of cities with bike sharing schemes in India source: (primary survey by Author).

City Name	Population (in Millions)	Fleet Size	No of Docking Stations	Name of the System/ Operator	Year of Inaugural
Delhi NCR	11	2250	145	Smart bike, mobycy, Yulu, Green ride, Planet bike	Dec 2008
Bangalore	8.4	3000	250	Yulu, ATCAG, Lezonet,Bounce	Dec 2017
Mumbai	12.4	200	50	PEDL, Yulu	Dec 2017
Hyderabad	6.8	200	15	Smart bike	Feb 2019
Chennai	4.6	1000	20	Smart bike	Feb 2019
Bhopal	1.8	1000	50	Chartered bike	June 2017
Mysore	1.0	550	55	Trin- Trin	June 2009
Ahmedabad	5.5	200	10	Mybyk	May 2013
Karnal	0.3	250	17	Sanjhi cycle	Aud 2017
Visakhapatnam	1.8	100	5	Hexi	Jun 2018
Bhubaneswar	0.9	2000	400	Hexi bike, Yana, Yulu	Nov 2018
Nashik	1.4	1000	100	Hexi bike	Oct 2018
Thane	1.8	500	50	Government	Aug 2018
Jaipur	3.1	200	20	Pink Pedel	Jun 2017
Surat	4.5	1160	65	Chartered bike	Feb 2019
Chandigarh	1.1	1250	155	Smart bike	Dec 2020
Rajkot	1.3	230	20	Government	Aug 2018
Gandhinagar	0.3	100	10	G Bike	March 2016
Pune	7.4	1000	Dockless	Zoomcar, OFO, Mybycy	Dec 2017
Nagpur	2.4	400	35	Bounce	Mar 2018
Kochi	2.1	200	16	Hexi	Oct 2019
Vadodara	1.8	50	5	Hexi bike	Jan 2019
Vijayawada	1.2	40	2	Lona	Dec 2019
Udaipur	0.5	100	15	MyByk	Dec 2019
Panchkula	0.2	200	20	Yana	Aug 2019
Ranchi	1.4	175	21	Chartered bike	Feb 2019

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of bicycle stations of public bike share schemes in Chandigarh.

Figure 2. Mode wise (conventional bike & E bike) distribution of trips on different days and hours of day.

Figure 3. Distribution of travel time (in minutes) between conventional bike & E bike trips.

Table 2. Description of variables used in the MNL model.

		N	%
Vehicle Type	Conventional Bike	7647	27.7
	E-Bike	20007	72.3
Travel Time	Less than 9 mins	6938	25.1
	9–20 mins	7238	26.2
	21–35 mins	6946	25.1
	Over 35 mins	6532	23.6
Trip OD	Different OD	24721	89.4
	Same OD	2933	10.6
Day of Week	Weekend	9488	34.3
	Weekday	18166	65.7
Time of Day	Morning (Peak)	6789	24.5
	Afternoon (Off-peak)	7324	26.5
	Evening (Peak)	10099	36.5
	Night (Off-peak)	3442	12.4
Average temperature (degrees)	Below 18 degrees 18–25 degrees	3401 8905	12.3 32.2
	25–30 degrees	9513	34.4
	Above 30 degrees	5835	21.1
Usage of bike station	Less busy stations	18750	67.8
	Moderate busy stations	5541	20.0
	Busy stations	3363	12.2

Figure 4. Distribution of trips day of week (Weekend & Weekday) and hours of day (peak & off peak) an.

Figure 5. Hourly distribution of bike share trips on weekdays & weekends.

Figure 6. Mode wise hourly distribution of bike share trips on weekdays & weekends between E-bike and normal (pedal) bike.

Figure 7. Hourly distribution of bike share trip durations on weekdays & weekends.

Figure 8. Mode wise hourly distribution of bike share trip durations on weekdays & weekends between E-bike and normal (pedal) bike.

Table 3. Multinomial logistic regression model result for bike share ride duration.

		Less than 9 mins	9–20 mins	21–35 mins
Intercept		1.36**	−0.069	−0.042
Vehicle Type	Conventional Bike	−0.012*	0.166**	0.131**
	E-Bike	0b	0^b	0^b
Time of Day	Morning (Peak)	−0.509**	−0.331**	−0.321**
	Afternoon (Off-peak)	−0.279**	−0.281**	−0.347**
	Evening (Peak)	−0.412**	−0.463**	−0.347**
	Night (Off-peak)	0b	0^b	0^b
Day of Week	Weekend	−0.052	−0.297**	−0.213**
	Weekday	0b	0^b	0^b
Trip OD	Different OD	−1.642**	0.211*	0.264**
	Same OD	0b	0^b	0^b
Average temperature (in degrees)	Below 18 degrees 18–25 degrees	0.112** 0.164**	0.152** 0.075**	0217** 0.184**
	25–30 degrees	0.219**	0.174*	0.095**
	Above 30 degrees	0b	0^b	0^b
Usage of bike station	Less busy stations	0.640**	0.422**	0.251**
	Moderate busy stations Busy stations	0.223** 0b	0.364** 0^b	0.146** 0^b
N				27654
Chi-squared statistic				2216.404
Nagelkerke R2				0.622^‡
Degrees of freedom				33

*.Significant at a 95% level.

†.Significant at a 99% level.

‡.The reference category is: Above 35 mins. b This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.

Table 4. Binary logistic regression model result for (bicycle type choice) in bike share.

		Conventional Bike (Pedal)
Intercept		−0.886**
Trip Travel time	Less than 9 mins	−.012*
	9–20 mins	.166**
	21–35 mins	.131**
	Over 35 mins	0b
Time of Day	Morning (Peak)	−.182**
	Afternoon (Off-peak)	−.469**
	Evening (Peak)	.000
	Night (Off-peak)	0
Day of Week	Weekend	−.058*
	Weekday	0b
Trip OD	Different OD	.115**
	Same OD	0^b
Average temperature (in degrees)	Below 18 degrees	.172**
	18–25 degrees	.079**
	25–30 degrees	−0.012**
	Above 30 degrees	0^b
Usage of bike station	Less busy stations	−.088*
	Moderate busy stations	−.171*
	Busy stations	0^b
N		27654
Chi-squared statistic		254.5
Nagelkerke R2		0.563^‡
Degrees of freedom		13

*.Significant at a 95% level.

†.Significant at a 99% level.

‡.E-Bike ^b This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.