Impact of information and communication technology on mobility of urban and rural households: a comparative study from Nigeria

Figures & data

Table 1. Data types and variables description.

Variables	Data Types and Description
Gender	Male, Female
Age	Age in Years
Household size	Number of people living in the same house and feeding from the same pot
Income	Monthly Income earned by respondent
Occupation	What is the nature of your Job e.g Farming, Civil servant
Education	What is your highest level of education? Primary school, Secondary/High School/or Tertiary education
Trip Frequency	Average number of daily round trips (completed)
Number of Gsm/Internet Subscribers	How many people in your household subscribe or make monthly/weekly/daily subscription for internet services to browse or access the internet and use services such as facebook, Instagram, whatsapp, e-banking, e-shopping among others
Call Recharge Frequency/Internet/Data Subscription Frequency	How many times do you recharge or subscribe to the internet or subscribe for data services
Cost of recharge/mobile subscription	How much do you spend daily to recharge your phone or subscribe for data to make calls and access other internet services
What is the most frequently used ICT used	Mobile Phones, Desktop, Laptop
What type of services do you access or use frequently on these devices	Sending emails, social media (facebook, Instagram etc), WhatsApp, e-banking services, e-shopping services/applications,
Complemented Trips	What is the average number of trips that are modified for instance change in time, mode of transport or location as a result of using your mobile device or other ICT tools for trip making
Substituted Trips	What is the average number of trips replaces as a result of using mobile phone or other ICT device (for instance, when you make calls, send emails, e-shopping, e-banking or Whatsapp messages or use any of the social media platforms, does it automatically replace physical movement or cancel trip making)
Trip Generation	What is the average number of trips induced or generated as a result of using mobile phones (for instance, when you make calls or send emails or shop online, does it necessitate making additional trips which should have been avoided)

Source: Author’s Field work.

Figure 1. Study location (Akure north local government area–rural area).

Source: ARCGIS (2022).

Figure 2. Study location (Akure south local government area–urban area).

Source: Author’s Field Work (2022)

Table 2. Factors influencing telecommunication usage of respondents in the rural areas.

Coefficients^a
Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	T	Sig.
		B	Std. Error	Beta
(Constant)		1.523	.239		6.373	.000
Age		5.628E–005	.004	.001	.014	.989
Marital Status		−.029	.076	−.041	−.385	.702
Household Size		−.008	.015	−.031	−.509	.613
Educational Status		−008	.031	.014	.252	.802
Average monthly income of household head		1.391E–006	.000	.043	.669	.506
Occupation of household head		.004	.009	.023	.402	.689
Number of GSM Owned/Internet Network subscribed to		−.287	.057	−.347	−5.085	.000
Cost of recharge card/subscription		.009	.031	.027	.295	.769
average number of daily calls		.190	.048	.398	3.933	.000
Distance of call		.254	.046	.685	5.530	.000

^aDependent Variable: Call Recharge Frequency/Internet/Data Subscription Frequency.

Source: Author’s Field Work.

Table 3. Model summary (rural area).

Model	R	R Square	Adjusted R Square	Std. Error of the Estimate
1	.896^a	.803	.775	.19456

^aPredictors: (Constant), Distance of call, Age, Occupation of household head, Household Size, Educational Status, number of mobile phones, Average monthly income of household head, average number of daily calls, cost of recharge card/mobile subscription, Marital Status.

Source: Author’s Field Work.

Table 4. Factors influencing telecommunication usage of respondents in the urban area.

	Pooled Data
	Coeff.	Std. Error	t-value	p-value
Constant	5.629	1.010	5.575	0.00
Age (core)	−0.004	0.008	−0.540	1.47
Marital status	−0.128	0.171	−0.746	1.36
Household size	0.072	0.022	3.273	0.00
Educational status	0.250	0.125	1.998	0.05
Household head income	0.931	0.416	2.238	0.02
Occupation	0.075	0.027	2.809	0.02
Number of GSM lines owned/Internet network subscribed to	−0.197	0.113	−1.737	1.20
Average number of daily calls	0.758	0.196	3.867	0.02
Amount spent on recharge cards	0.545	0.086	6.337	0.00
Distance of call destination	−0.024	0.067	−0.357	1.75
R-Squared (R^2)	0.724

Dependent variable: Call Recharge Frequency/Internet/Data Subscription Frequency.

Source: Author’s Field Work.

Table 5. Model summary (urban area).

Model	R	R Square	Adjusted R Square	Std. Error of the Estimate
1	.801^a	.724	.694	.18753

^aPredictors: (Constant), Distance of call, Age, Occupation of household head, Household Size, Educational Status, number of mobile phones, Average monthly income of household head, average number of daily calls, cost of recharge card/mobile subscription, Marital Status.

Source: Author’s Field Work.

Table 6. Average Trips Complemented, substituted and induced by telecommunication in the study areas.

Telecommunication Means	Number of Complemented Trips		Number of Induced Trips		Number of Substituted Trips		Total
	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
GSM (CALLS)	932	652	432	311	869	691	2233	1654
Email	664	51	215	54	369	112	1248	217
E-banking	462	182	198	78	298	101	958	361
E-shopping	402	165	218	101	568	89	1188	355
Social Media Platforms	525	201	102	48	495	256	1122	505
Total	2985	1251	1165	592	2599	1249

Source: Author’s Field Work.

Table 7. Average daily trip activities complemented, substituted and induced by the use of telecommunication in the urban and rural areas.

Trip purpose	Number of trips Complemented		Number of Induced Trips		Number of Substituted Trips
	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
Work/business	825 (42%)	546 (49%)	648 (51%)	350 (40%)	269 (19%)	519 (48.3%)
Shopping	460 (24%)	212 (19%)	221 (17%)	102 (12%)	573 (40%)	153 (14.2%)
Financial activities(banking)	170 (9%)	92 (8%)	103 (8%)	50 (6%)	329 (23%)	29 (2.7%)
Religious	101 (5%)	50 (5)	98 (8%)	0 (0%)	50 (3%)	35 (3.3%)
Health	102 (5%)	104 (9%)	78 (6%)	123 (14%)	35 (2%)	217 (20.2%)
Recreational/social	292 (15%)	112 (10%)	125 (10%)	252 (28%)	192 (13%)	120 (11.2%)
Total	1950 (100%)	1116 (100%)	1273 (100%)	877(100%)	1448 (100%)	1073 (100%)

Source: Author’s Field Work.