Pedestrian red-light violations and other safety-related behaviours at signalised crosswalks

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the Accra Metropolis showing the survey locations.

Figure 2. Distribution of pedestrian red-light violations classified by (a) the number of lanes and (b) the type of junction.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the pedestrian red-light violations classified by other measured variables considered.

Variable	Frequency	Non-violations (%)	Violations (%)
Total observations	737 (100)	278 (37.72)	459 (62.28)
Gender
Male	350 (47.49)	126 (36.00)	224 (64.00)
Female	387 (52.51)	152 (39.28)	235 (60.72)
Age (years)
Less than 18	120 (16.28)	61 (50.83)	59 (49.17)
18 and above	617 (83.72)	217 (35.17)	400 (64.83)
Day of week
Weekday	438 (59.43)	199 (45.43)	239 (54.57)
Weekend	299 (40.57)	79 (26.72)	220 (73.58)
Time of day
Morning	413 (56.04)	161 (38.98)	252 (61.02)
Evening	324 (43.96)	117 (36.11)	207 (63.89)
Pedestrian refuge
Present	717 (97.29)	267 (37.24)	450 (62.76)
Not present	20 (2.71)	11 (55.00)	9 (45.00)
Posted speed limit
Present	445 (60.38)	151 (33.93)	294 (66.07)
Not present	292 (39.62)	127 (43.49)	165 (56.51)
Signal cycle length
2 min or less	298 (40.43)	131 (43.96)	167 (56.04)
More than 2 min	439 (59.57)	147 (33.49)	292 (66.51)
Waiting location
Curb	370 (99.05)	277 (37.95)	453 (62.05)
Carriageway	7 (0.95)	1 (14.29)	6 (85.71)
Light observation
Yes	264 (35.82)	129 (58.13)	135 (41.87)
No	473 (64.18)	149 (29.96)	324 (70.04)
Crossing pace
Walking	553 (75.03)	234 (42.31)	319 (57.69)
Running	184 (24.97)	44 (23.91)	140 (76.09)
Crossing path
Straight	723 (98.10)	276 (38.17)	447 (61.83)
Diagonal	14 (1.90)	2 (14.29)	12 (85.71)
Location type
Within CBD	437 (58.89)	153 (35.25)	281 (64.75)
Outside CDB	303 (41.11)	125 (41.25)	178 (58.75)

Table 2. Estimated parameters for the mixed-effect logistic regression model for pedestrian red-light violation.

Variable	Coefficient	p-value	Odds Ratio	95% CI of OR
Age (Ref: Less than 18)
18 and above	0.467	0.035	1.595	1.035, 2.460
Day of week (Ref: Weekday)
Weekend	0.648	p<0.001	1.912	1.351, 2.705
Individuals crossing (Ref: Alone)
Not alone	−0.701	0.002	0.496	0.320, 0.769
Cycle length (Ref: 2 min or less)
More than 2 min	1.212	p<0.001	3.360	1.931, 5.853
Light observation (Ref: Yes)
No	0.669	p<0.001	1.952	1.395, 2.735
Crossing pace (Ref: Walking)
Runing	1.028	p<0.001	2.95	1.865, 4.191
Constant	−1.022	0.064
Location
variance	0.349	p<0.001
Goodness-of-fit Statistics
Number of observations	737
Log-likelihood at intercept	−438.666
Log-likelihood at convergence	−431.831
Wald χ^2 test statistic (p-value)	92 (p<0.001)

Table 3. Performance comparison between the fitted mixed-effect logistic regression model and the standard logistic regression model.

Statistic	Logistic regression	Mixed-effect logistic regression
AIC	893.07	879.66
BIC	925.29	916.48
Likelihood ratio test statistic	15.41
Likelihood ratio test p-value	p<0.001