Production of L-carnitine-enriched edible filamentous fungal biomass through submerged cultivation

Figures & data

Figure 1. Carnitine biosynthesis pathway in fungi

Table 1. L-carnitine concentrations, in milligrams per gram of fungal biomass following a 48-h cultivation of the zygomycetes and ascomycetes strains in a semisynthetic medium

Fungal strain	L-carnitine (mg/g dried biomass)
A. oryzae	3 ± 0.9
R. oryzae	1.3 ± 0.4
R. oligosporus	1 ± 0.6
N. intermedia	0.4 ± 0.04

Table 2. The data comparison on L-carnitine production by filamentous fungi in the present study with previous studies

Type of microorganism	Kind of substrate	Final result of L-carnitine production	Time of fermentation	Type of fermentation	References
A. oryzae	Semisynthetic medium	3 mg/g dried biomass	48 h	Submerged cultivation	This work
R. oryzae		1.3 mg/g dried biomass			This work
R. oligosporus		1 mg/g dried biomass			This work
N. intermedia		0.4 mg/g dried biomass			This work
R. oligosporus	wild ginseng	630 mg/kg	14 days	Solid-state fermentation	[37]
R. oligosporus,+ Pleurotus ostreatus	Buck wheat	201.2 mg/kg	-		[22]
R. oligosporus	Quinoa	3.14 mg/kg	3 days		[38]
R. oligosporus	Buck wheat	Increasing from 168.6 μg/kg to 680.9 μg/kg	5–7 days		[21]

Figure 2. Profiles of L-carnitine yields, glucose consumption and biomass mass concentration during growth of ascomycetes and zygomycetes filamentous fungi, namely, (a) A. oryzae , (b) R. oryzae, (c) R. oligosporus, and (d) N. intermedia in the semisynthetic medium

Figure 3. The effect of yeast extract presence and absence on fungal biomass concentration and yield of L-carnitine during cultivation of (a) A. oryzae, (b) R. oryzae, (c) and N. intermedia

Figure 4. The effect of lysine/methionine ratio, namely, of (a) 2 and (b) 4 on L-carnitine yield during cultivation of A. oryzae.

Figure 5. Profiles of protein and L-carnitine contents in the fungal biomass originated from submerged cultivation of the filamentous fungal strains used in this study

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