Apple orchard waste recycling and valorization of valuable product-A review

Figures & data

Table 1. The apple area harvested and production amounted to the top 10 countries in the world [7]

Country	Production (hg/ha)	Area harvested (tonnes)
China	189,388	39,235,019
United States of America	394,802	4,652,500
Poland	247,205	3,999,523
Turkey	207,565	3,625,960
India	77,309	2,327,000
Iraq	9922	49,813
Italy	438,574	2,414,921
Russian Federation	89,704	1,859,400
France	342,935	1,737,412
Chile	501,715	1,727,277

Figure 1. The apple (a) Yield (b) Production and (c) Area harvested percentage of the top ten countries in the world [7]

Figure 2. Resource recovery processes from apple orchard waste

Figure 3. Biochemical recovery from apple orchard waste and its utilization in different forms

Figure 4. The chemical structure and formula of various organic acids

Table 2. Industrial uses of pectinases at various stages of application [119]

Type of industry	Role	Applications
Animal feed	Reduces viscosity of feed	Rruminant feed
Brewing	Improve stability, chromaticity and luminosity	Beer clarification, chromatic
Coffee and tea fermentation	Removes mucilaginous coat and accelerates fermentation on process	Removal of coat and foam from coffee beans and tea
Food	Improve viscosity and stability	Clarification or gelling agent
Oil	Enzymatic extractions	Oil preparation
Pulp	Cell wall softening, bleaching	Depolymerization agent, maceration
Pharmaceutical	Controlled drug release	Drug delivery systems
Textile	Enhance fabric absorbency, decompose non-cellulosic material	Bio scouring, retting of plant bast fibres

Table 3. Major bioactive compounds from apple pomace [120]

Ingredient	Major Bioactive Compounds	Bioactivity and Therapeutic Potential
Carbohydrates	Pectin and oligosaccharides	Soluble viscous fermentable fiber/dietary fiber, potential prebiotic properties
Phenolic acids	P-coumaric acid sinapic, p-coumaroyl-quinic, caffeic, ferulic and chlorogenic	Soluble viscous fermentable fiber/dietary fiber, potential prebiotic properties
Flavonoids	Isorhamnetin, procyanidinB2, kaempferol, rhamnetin, glycoconjugates, guercetin, epicatechin	Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer and cardio-protective
Anthocyanins	Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside	Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer and cardio-protective
Dihydrochalcones	Phlorizin, phloretein	Antidiabetic, promoting bone-forming, blastogenesis
Triterpenoids	Ursolic and oleanolic acid	Antimicrobial and antiinflammatory

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