Gut Microbiota Characterization in Patients with Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: probiotics increased

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of 90 patients

Variable	Value
Age, yr	60(49–66.25)
Male,n	57 (63.33%)
Body mass index, kg/m^2	25.56(22.65–28.67)
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	127 ± 15
Smoking status
Never	28(31.11%)
Past	30(33.33%)
Current	32(35.56%)
Drinking status, standard drinks/wk
Never	65(72.22%)
1–4	10(11.11%)
5–8	11(12.22%)
>8	4(4.44%)
Basic diseases
coronary heart disease	55(61.11%)
hypertension	44(48.89%)
diabetes	13(14.44%)
hyperuricemia	45(50%)
Laboratory results
White blood cells, ×10^9/L	6.86 ± 2.19
Neutrophilicgranulocyte,%	58.79 ± 12.89
Hemoglobin, ×10^12/L	142(131–150.25)
Platelets, ×10^9/L	216(174.75–258)
blood urea nitrogen,mmol/L	5.1(4.2–5.95)
Creatinine,umol/L	68.87(60–77)
uric acid,umol/L	389(306–438.1)
Glucose, mmol/L	4.86(4.32–5.77)
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	3.77(3.08–4.54)
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.52(1.17–2.35)
high density lipoprotein,mmol/L	140.54 ± 18.14
total bilirubin,umol/L	11.3(8.6–14.2)
γ-glutamyl transpeptadase,U/L	25.5(18–39.25)

Data are presented as median (interquartile range), mean±SD, or number (%).

Figure 1. A:Chao1 curves of each sample; the estimated operational taxonomic unit richness basically approached saturation in all samples.B:The number of enterotype was calculated according to CH index. C: Jensen–Shannon-based principal coordinates analysis

Figure 2. Taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome of patients. double pie chart (inner circle: phylum level, outer circle: genus level)

Table 2. Clinical characteristics of patients according to enterotype

Variable	Enterotype 1 (n = 50)	Enterotype2 (n = 40)	P value
Age, yr	58.5(46.75–68.25)	62(52.25–65)	0.804
Male,n	33(66%)	24(60%)	0.356
Body mass index, kg/m^2	25.2(20.43–28.55)	25.82(24.06–28.99)	0.162
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	128 ± 14	125 ± 15	0.306
Smoking status			0.375
Never or Past	31(62%)	27(67.5%)
Current	19(38%)	13(32.5%)
Drinking status			0.388
Non-heavy drinker	35(70%)	30(75%)
Heavy drinker*	15(30%)	10(25%)
Basic diseases
coronary heart disease	31(62%)	24(60%)	0.509
hypertension	26(52%)	18(45%)	0.222
diabetes	9(18%)	4(10%)	0.327
hyperuricemia	9(18%)	36(90%)	<0.001
Laboratory results
White blood cells, ×10^9/L	6.57 ± 1.88	7.03 ± 2.56	0.964
Neutrophilicgranulocyte,%	56.54 ± 12.62	60.78 ± 12.8	0.341
Hemoglobin, ×10^12/L	142(125.5–151.25)	140(131–146)	0.586
Platelets, ×10^9/L	216(174–263.5)	210(151.5–254.5)	0.145
blood urea nitrogen,mmol/L	4.6(4–6.03)	5.65(4.3–6.63)	0.045
Creatinine,umol/L	63(54–73.13)	71(60–78.75)	0.019
UA,umol/L	321.5(261–393.5)	441.35(412.25–494)	<0.001
Glucose, mmol/L	4.69(4.29–5.76)	4.89(4.56–5.61)	0.572
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	3.41(2.7–4.28)	4.09(3.3–4.93)	0.006
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.46(1.09–2.38)	1.63(1.09–2.51)	0.15
high density lipoprotein,mmol/L	1.12 ± 0.28	1.13 ± 0.34	0.699
total bilirubin,umol/L	11.7(8.55–14.93)	11(8.73–13.99)	0.878
γ-glutamyl transpeptadase,U/L	21(16.75–43.63)	30.5(21.18–38.33)	0.273

Data are presented as median (interquartile range), mean±SD, or number (%).*Drinking status, more than 8 standard drinks/wk.

Figure 3. Taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome according to the asymptomatic hyperuricemia and control groups. double pie chart (inner circle: phylum level, outer circle: genus level). A: the asymptomatic hyperuricemia groups; B:control groups

Figure 4. Comparison of fecal microbial diversity, as estimated by the Shannon index(a), Chao1 index(b), Ace index(c) and goods_coverage index(d). A: the asymptomatic hyperuricemia groups; B:control groups

Figure 5. Differences in beta diversity indices between asymptomatic hyperuricemia and healthy groups measured with Adonis test and PCOA. The horizontal and vertical axes represent the first and second principal coordinates explaining the greatest proportion of variance to the bacterial communities (showed by percentage). A: the asymptomatic hyperuricemia groups; B:control groups; PCOA: principal coordinates analysis

Figure 6. (a) clustering tree showing significant taxonomic differences in the gut microbiota between AH (negative score) and control (positive score) groups through LEfSe analysis (LDA scores (log10) >3). (b) Cladogram indicating the phylogenetic distribution of the gut microbiota in AH and control groups through LEfSe analysis (LDA scores (log10) >3). AH: asymptomatic hyperuricemia; p: phylum; c: class; o: order; f: family; g: genus; LEfSe: linear discriminant analysis effect size; LDA: linear discriminant analysis. #:Tentative names in greenenes database

Figure 7. Important biomarkers.[A] The top 10 bacteria belong to the genus level.[B] ROCs curve with AUC for the diagnostic performance of the gut microbial model