Firmicutes and Blautia in gut microbiota lessened in chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a pilot study

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants included in this study

Variables	Normal (n = 9)	CLD (n = 11)	HCC (n = 21)	p value
Male, n (%)	1 (11.1)	7 (63.6)	21 (100)	<0.05
Age, years, mean ± SD	29.2 ± 8.5	44.5 ± 7.7	62.4 ± 10.4	<0.05
HBV infection, n (%)	0	9 (81.8)	12(57.1)	>0.05^‡
Cirrhosis, n (%)	0	1 (9.1)	18 (85.7)	<0.05^‡
Ascites, n (%)	0	1 (9.1)	0	>0.05^‡
Intestinal microecological agents, n (%)	0	2 (18.2) ^†	0	>0.05^‡
Disease history, n (%)
Diabetes	0	1 (9.1)	2 (9.5)	>0.05^‡
Fatty liver diseases	0	1 (9.1)	0	>0.05^‡
Non-HCC Cancer	0	0	2 (9.5)	>0.05^‡
WBC, 10^3/mm^3, mean ± SD	5.8 ± 1.7	5.1 ± 1.4	5.3 ± 2.1	>0.05
RBC, 10^4/mm^3, mean (SD)	4.5 ± 0.3	4.6 ± 0.6	4.0 ± 0.8	<0.05
Hemoglobin, g/L, mean (SD)	133. 8 ± 10.7	141.7 ± 17.3	124.6 ± 19.1	<0.05
Platelet, 10^3/mm^3, mean (SD)	260.7 ± 49.7	198.2 ± 88.0	112.3 ± 79.7	<0.05
Neutrophils, 10^3/mm^3, median (IQR)	2.6 (2.4, 3.7)	2.8 (2.0, 3.3)	2.8 (2.1, 4.5)	>0.05
Lymphocytes, 10^3/mm^3, mean (SD)	1.97 ± 0.39	1.81 ± 0.8	1.23 ± 0.69	<0.05
Monocytes, 10^3/mm^3, mean (SD)	0.42 ± 0.1	0.42 ± 0.13	0.52 ± 0.17	>0.05
ALT, U/L, median (IQR)	11 (9, 17)	30 (18, 315)	59.5 (22, 116)	<0.05
AST, U/L, median (IQR)	16 (14, 19)	44 (16, 126)	35 (24, 60)	<0.05
AKP, U/L, median (IQR)	58 (55, 69)	79 (60, 115)	101.5 (78, 172)	<0.05
GGT, U/L, median (IQR)	15 (11, 17)	40 (18, 97)	31 (18, 193)	<0.05
LDH, U/L, median (IQR)	177 (155, 184)	198 (174, 257)	207 (177, 323)	>0.05
TBiL, μmol/L, median (IQR)	11.5 (9.6, 19)	15.6 (11.8, 31)	16.6 (10.9, 29.9)	>0.05
DBiL, μmol/L, median (IQR)	4.4 (3.8, 6.5)	7 (4.7, 12.6)	6.8 (4.5, 10.9)	>0.05
Albumin, g/L, mean (SD)	46.8 ± 2.0	40.5 ± 5.9	36.2 ± 4.1	<0.05
Globulin, g/L, mean (SD)	30.4 ± 2.7	30.1 ± 5.6	26.5 ± 5.2	>0.05
Triglycerides, mmol/L, median (IQR)	0.8 (0.6, 0.9)	1.4 (1.0, 2.8)	0.8 (0.7, 0.8)	<0.05
Total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SD)	5.1 ± 0.6	4. 6 ± 1.0	3.3 ± 0.6	<0.05
HDL-C, mmol/L, mean (SD)	1.6 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.2	<0.05
LDL-C, mmol/L, mean (SD)	3.4 ± 0.6	3.0 ± 1.0	1.7 ± 0.4	<0.05
Urea, mmol/L, mean (SD)	4.47 ± 1.36	4.74 ± 1.35	4.93 ± 1.37	>0.05
Creatinine, μmol/L, median (IQR)	54.2 (48.2, 58.6)	65.9 (55.5, 72.6)	60.5 (51.0, 76.8)	>0.05
FPG, mmol/L, median (IQR)	4.8 (4.4, 5.6)	5.4 (5.0, 5.6)	7.0 (5.0, 11.3)	<0.05
eGFR, mean (SD)	125.8 ± 14.8	117.5 ± 16.4	118.9 ± 37.3	>0.05

HBV, hepatitis B virus; WBC, white blood cells; RBC, red blood cells; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; AKP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; TBiL, total bilirubin; DBiL direct bilirubin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density liptein cholesterol; FPG, Fasting plasma glucose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

^†One received clostridium butyricum capsules and one received clostridium butyricum capsules combined with lactobacillus acidophilus tablets.

^‡p value of comparison between CLD and HCC.

Figure 1. Percentage of gut microbiota on phylum level (a) and genus level (b)

Figure 2. Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) of gut microbiota among healthy individuals, CLD and HCC patients

Figure 3. Proportion comparisons of gut microbiota between healthy individuals and CLD patients (a), healthy individuals and HCC patients (b), and CLD and HCC patients (c) on phylum level

Figure 4. Proportion comparisons of gut microbiota between healthy individuals and CLD patients (a), healthy individuals and HCC patients (b), and CLD and HCC patients (c) on genus level

Figure 5. Spearman correlations between gut microbiota and clinical biochemical parameters on phylum level

Figure 6. Spearman correlations between gut microbiota and clinical biochemical parameters on genus level

Data availability

All the datasets were available from the corresponding author (Z. Yang) with reasonable request.